RURAL MOSQUITO AND MALARIA CONTROL 225 



places for adults within the same radius; compulsory screening 

 of dwelling-places; exclusion of all outside labor without previous 

 blood-examination; the prophylactic and curative administration 

 of quinine; and the removal of all infective cases from the area. 



Legendre reports that in Madagascar, Cellia squamosa and 

 C. pharoensis, local Anopheline hosts of malaria, manifest a 

 preference for rice-fields as breeding-places as against marshes 

 and swamps. He asserts that malaria is more prevalent in the 

 hill rice-fields than in the lowland fields, and attributes this fact 

 to the greater abundance of fish in the lowland rice-fields. 

 Recommendations made to combat malaria in Madagascar 

 include institution of an anti-larval service, forbidding of irriga- 

 tion in the vicinity of towns and compulsory culture of fish, 

 wherever practicable. 



According to Carter, 2 attempts to control malaria about the 

 rice-fields of Italy have been given up. He states that cultiva- 

 tion of rice is now forbidden within 2 kilometers of a village. 



Carter states that in 1917 it was estimated that about 

 $40,000,000 was invested in the production of rice in the United 

 States and that this investment is rapidly increasing. 



COMMUNITY MEASURES IN RURAL AREAS 



As has been already indicated, community offensive measures 

 against the mosquito at the present time are rarely carried out in 

 rural sections, due to the sparsity of population per unit of area 

 and the heavy consequent per capita cost. 



Sometimes, however, considerable valuable anti-mosquito 

 work is clone by drainage district organizations, as the result of 

 measures designed primarily as agricultural improvements. 

 While this sort of work is not so effective, from an anti-mosquito 

 standpoint, as work expressly designed to rid the community of 

 mosquitoes, it is, nevertheless, of considerable assistance. 



Again, two or more farmers may combine to carry out a tile 

 drainage scheme. This, likewise, has its value, from a health 

 viewpoint. 



However, it would appear that the rural population will have 1 1 > 

 become much denser and land will have to increase greatly in 

 value before it will be practicable to carry out in most rural 



i Bulletin, Soc. Path. Exot., Feb. 9, 1921. 



2 Transactions of the First Annual Conference of Sanitary Engineers, 

 U. S. Public Health Service, 1919. 



15 



