10 PASSEUES. 



i". Nostrils bare or merely over- 



hung by hairs or plumelets. 

 <T . Rictal bristles always present. 

 (P. Inner and hind toe very un- 



equal .................. Sittidae. 



/A Inner and hind toe equal. 

 ''. Wing rounded, tarsus long 



and strong ............ Tixnaliidae. 



6". Wing more pointed, tarsus 



less strong and long .... Pycnonotidae. 



i 1 . Rictal bristles absent. 

 c 8 . Tail-feathers stiff and pointed. Certhiidae. 

 d*. Tail-feathers soft and rounded. Troglodytidae. 

 I". Plumage of nestling mottled or 



squamated. 



c 8 . Nostrils not covered by any hairs. 

 /'. Rictal bristles absent ........ Cinclidae. 



'</" Rictal bristles present ...... Turdidae. 



(I s . Nostrils more or less covered by 



hairs ...................... Muscicapidae. 



c 5 . Plumage of nestling cross- barred. 

 e 6 . Folded wings not reaching beyond 



middle ot tail. 



li' '. Shafts of rump-feathers soft . . Laniidae. 

 z 7 . Shafts of rump-feathers spinous. Campephagidae. 

 / 6 . Folded wings reaching to tip of 



tail ........................ Artamidae. 



rf 5 . Plumage of nestling spotted with 



white ........................ Dicruridae. 



e r \ Plumage of nestling like the adults, 



but brighter .................. Sylviidae. 



/ 3 . Plumage of nestling like the adults, 

 but aler 



but paler ...................... Regulidae. 



(f. Plumage of nestling streaked. 

 ff. Rictal bristles present. 

 f. Nostrils covered with hairs . . Irenidae. 

 k~. Nostrils quite exposed. 



e". First primary at least half 



length of second ........ Oriolidae. 



/ s . First primary less than half 



second ---- ". ........... : Eulabetidae. 



/*". Without rictal bristles ........ Sturnidae. 



It 4 . Nostrils pierced, partly within line of 

 forehead and nearer culmen than 

 commissure .................... Ploceidae. 



. Wing with nine primaries, the 10th 



obsolete. 



c 1 . Bill conical, pointed and entire, the 

 longest secondaries reaching to a . 

 point midway between the middle 

 and top of wing ..... ............ Fringillidae. 



iP. Bill long, slender and notched, the 

 longest secondaries reaching almost 

 to tip of wing ........ ......... Motacillidae. 



e 1 . Bill flat, broad and notched, the longest 

 secondaries reaching to the middle 

 of wing ........................ Hirundinidae. 



