66 CORVID.E. 



Genus NUCIFRAGA Briss., 1760. 



The genus Nudfraga contains the Nutcrackers, birds of well- 

 marked form and colour, two of which are found within Indian 

 limits, inhabiting the higher part of the Himalayas where they 

 are resident. 



" In the Nutcrackers the plumage is more or less spotted with 

 white ; the bill is straight, pointed and about as long as the head ; 

 the nasal bristles are short and stiff and completely cover the 

 nostrils ; but the tail is short and very little rounded. 



Key to Species. 



A. Rump and upper tail-coverts not 



marked with white N.caryocatactes hemispila, p. 66. 



B. Rump and upper tail-coverts 



marked with white N. multipunctata, p. 67. 



(46) Nucifraga caryocatactes hemispila. 

 THE HIMALAYAN NUTCBACKEB. 



Nucifraga hemispila Vigors, P. Z. S., 1830, p. 8 (Himalayas) ; Blanf. & 

 Gates, i, p. 41. 



Vernacular names. L7w-kariyo-p7io (Lepcha). 



Description. Narial bristles black and white; forehead, crown, 

 nape, hind neck and upper tail-coverts chocolate-brown ; with these 

 exceptions the whole of the plumage is umber-brown, the sides of 

 the head and neck streaked with white ; chin and throat with a 

 few small white shaft-streaks ; the back, breast and upper abdomen 

 with oval white drops ; under tail-coverts pure white; wings glossy 

 black, the lesser and median coverts with triangular white tips ; 

 a few of the inner primaries with a large oval white mark on the 

 inner webs, probably disappearing with age, as it is absent in some 

 birds ; central tail-feathers black, the others broadly tipped white, 

 the amount of white increasing outwardly. 



Some birds have the breast-spots pale rufescentinsteadof white, 

 a feature which seems to have nothing to do with age. 



Colours of soft parts. Legs and feet black ; iris reddish brown 

 to hazel or deep brown ; bill brown with paler tips. 



Measurements. Total length about 370 mm. ; tail about 150 to 

 160 mm. ; wing 205 to 225 mm., averaging about 210 or rather 

 more; bill 40 to 45 mm. ; tarsus about 40 mm. 



The young are pale brown, with rufescent drops everywhere 

 instead of white. These, however, turn white at the first moult, 

 when the head also acquires the white colour. 



This bird is merely a local race of the European Nutcracker, 

 from which it differs in having a far darker head, the centre of 

 the throat and neck unspotted with white and the outer tail- 

 feathers almost entirely white instead of merely tipped with white. 



