IOLE. 403 



white shafts; the upper tail-coverts are margined with olive- 

 green ; greater coverts, wings and tail dark brown; the wing- 

 quills edged with olive-green, the tail-feathers edged with greenish 

 and tipped below with pale ochraceous ; chin and throat white ; 

 breast and sides of the neck ashy-brown, with white shaft-streaks ; 

 sides of the body brown, with fainter shaft-streaks; abdomen and 

 vent brownish white ; thighs and under tail-coverts ochraceous ; 

 under wing-coverts and axillaries ochraceous brown. 



Colours of soft parts. Legs and feet dark horny-brown or 

 black ; bill black ; iris pale or litharge-red (Hume 4" Davisoti). 



Measurements. Total length 265 to 275 mm. ; wing 115 to 

 123 mm. ; tail about 95 to 100 mm. ; tarsus about 25 to 28 mm. ; 

 cuhneu about 18 to 19 mm. 



Distribution. Peninsular Burma and Siam throughout the Malay 

 Peninsula to Sumatra, Java and Borneo. This bird does not 

 occur in Ceylon arid its typical locality must therefore be restricted 

 to Java (Stuart Baker, Journal B. N. H. S., xxvii, p. 470, 1921). 



Nidification. Mr. J. Darling took the nest of this Bulbul at 

 Kossum on the 2nd July. In appearance it was " of the 

 ordinary Bulbul tvpe but much bigger." It was made of fern, 

 grass and moss roots and a long piece of a trailing orchid, about 

 3 feet long, wound round and round. It was placed in a high 

 bush, 10 feet from the ground and in a very exposed position. 

 The eggs, two in number, are much like those of Microscelis and 

 measure about 26'0 x 18'5 mm. 



Habits. This Bulbul is a bird of the plains, being found in open 

 country and not in forest or heavy jungle. Davison records that 

 it is found in small parties of four or five to eight or nine birds. 

 41 It is very garrulous and keeps up a continuous chatter but it 

 Also has a song which is particularly rich and powerful." In 

 Mergui he found the Yellow-crowned Bulbul frequenting gardens. 

 Its food consists of berries and insects and it may often be seen 

 hopping about on the ground in search of the latter. 



Genus IOLE Blyth, 1844. 



The genus lole is not marked by any very striking characteristic 

 hevond the sharp carination of the upper mandible. In many 

 respects it is intermediate between Hemixus and Pycnonotus but 

 differs from both in the point above noted. 



In lole the feathers of the crown are slightly lengthened but 

 they do not form a crest. The bill is about three-quarters the 

 length of the head and when viewed laterally is of much the same 

 shape as that of Hemixus (fig. 75, p. 375). The nuchal hairs 

 are short. In lole there are generally numerous hairs springing 

 from the back but in lole nicobariensis these hairs are very incon- 

 spicuous and on this account Blyth proposed the generic name 

 Ixocincla for this species, and if it is retained the specific name 

 would then be virescens Blyth. If, however, a careful examination 



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