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folded, and his body resting on his stomach. Hence they perpetu- 

 ally bear the marks of servitude and pain. Upon the under part of 

 the breast is a large callosity, as hard as horn, and similar ones on 

 the joints of the limbs. Though these callosities are found on all 

 Camels, they exhibit a proof that they are not natural, but produced 

 by excessive constraint, and painful labor ; for they are often filled 

 with pus. The breast and legs are, therefore, deformed by callo- 

 sities ; the back is still more disfigured by one or two bunches. The 

 callosities, as well as the bunches, are perpetuated by generation. 

 As it is obvious that the first deformity proceeds from the constant 

 practice of forcing these animals, from their earliest age, to lie on 

 their stomach, with their limbs folded under the body ; and in this 

 situation to bear both the weight of their own bodies, and that of 

 the load laid on their backs, we ought to presume that the bunch or 

 bunches have also originated from the unequal pressure of heavy 

 burthens, which would naturally make the flesh, fat, and skin swell ; 

 for these bunches are not osseous, but composed of a fleshy sub- 

 stance resembling a cow's udder. Hence the callosities and bunches 

 should be regarded equally as deformities produced by continual 

 labor and bodily constraint ; and though at first accidental and 

 individual, they are now become permanent, and common to the 

 whole species. We may likewise presume that the bag which con- 

 tains the water, and is only an appendix to the stomach, has been 

 produced by an unnatural extension of that viscus. The animal, 

 after suffering thirst for a long time, by taking in at once as much, 

 and perhaps more, water than the stomach could easily contain, 

 this membrane would be gradually extended and dilated, as we have 

 seen the stomach of a sheep dilated in proportion to the quantity of 

 its aliment. In sheep fed with grain the stomach is very small ; 

 but becomes very large in those fed with herbage alone. 



" These conjectures would be either confirmed or destroyed, if 

 we had wild Camels to compare with the domestic ; but these 

 animals nowhere exist in a natural state, or if they do, no one has 

 described or observed them. We ought, therefore, to suppose that 

 everything good and beautiful belongs to Nature, and that what- 

 ever is defective and deformed in these animals proceeds from the 

 labor and slavery imposed on them by the empire of man." 



