192 The Origin of Species by Mutation. 



market. They also appeared in France as early as 1885; 

 but there they were not cultivated further. They exist 

 both in the red and in the white variety. 



Strawberries without runners belong to the species 

 Fragavia alpina and are known under the name of Gail- 

 i^ON-strawbcrncs.^ Forms are known both with red and 

 with white fruits.^ The history of their origin is re- 

 corded by P. P. A. De Vilmorin in the Bon Jardinier.^ 

 He found a single individual bearing this character in 

 a crop of the ordinary Fragaria alpina. The seeds of 

 this individual gave rise solely to plants without runners : 

 the new sort was absolutely constant from the beginning. 



The cauliflower and Kohl-Rabi were raised from iso- 

 lated monstrosities of Brassica olcracca.^ The Chou de 

 Milan dcs Vert us likewise arose spontaneously from an-' 

 other sort of cabbage and soon became one of the most 

 popular vegetables in the Paris market.^ Merctirialis 

 annua laciniata was discovered in 1719 by Marchant 

 as a new form ; since that time it has come true from 

 seed.^ That is the last of these examples I shall refer to. 



Some species have appeared twice, or even more 

 often, in localities widely distant from one another and 

 under circumstances which almost completely exclude the 

 ])ossibility of a common origin. I may quote the example 

 of the copper beech, to which Prof. J. Jaggi has devoted 

 an exhaustive historical monograph."^ Three localities 



^ See Fig. y on page 34. 



■" Vilmorin Andrieux et Cie., Les plantes potageres, p. 222. 



^L. De Vilmorin,, L' amelioration des plantes par le semis, 2d ed., 

 p. 48. 



*A. P. De Candolle, Transact, hortic. Soc, 5, p. i, quoted in 

 Hofmeister, Allgemeine Morpliologie, p. 565. 



" Vilmorin, L'amelioration, he. eit., p. ig. 



^GoDRox, De I'Espeee. 1, p. 160. 



• J. Jaggi, Die Blutbuche su Biich am Irchcl, Zurich, 1893. 



