Half Races and Half Curves. 27 



a whole series of malformations. Many cultivated plants, 

 such as Cyclamen, Pelargonium and Fuchsia, are particu- 

 larly productive of such abnormalities. 



The internal factors may either be latent or semi- 

 latent. In the former case the characters are either not 

 manifested, or only exceptionally, as in the pinnate leaves 

 of the red clover (Fig. 46) and as in the numerous 

 cases of pitchers which have been found once, or only 

 at long intervals, in the same species. In the second case 

 they appear more or less regularly, often yearly, and in 

 many specimens. For example I have observed the for- 

 mation of pitchers on Magnolia ohovata in the various 

 botanical gardens which I have visited; and this species 

 as well as its near allies bears pitchers with us every 

 year.^ 



In both cases these potentialities are heritable. This 

 is proved by their frequence in the case of the semi-latent 

 characters and rendered extremely probable in that of 

 the latent ones by their occasional reappearance. 



Latent and semi-latent characters constitute zvhat we 

 may call the otiter range of the forms of a species. The 

 inner range of forms consists of the normal characters 

 of a species which are exhibited during its normal life 

 or are only induced by such common stimuli as wounds, 

 mutilations, darkness, or the uncovering of subterranean 

 organs and so forth. They are part of the innermost 

 essence of the species. But the countless latent charac- 

 ters belong just as much to the essence of the species, 

 especially when they have formed part of tlie inner range 

 in some remote ancestor and are therefore atavistic. And 

 it is just this outer range which presents the best inch'ca- 



^ Over de crfclykhcid van Syniisen, Bot. Jaarb. d. Gesellsch. Do- 

 don.ica, Gent, 1895. p. 129. In the course of ten years I have observed 

 about 100 pitchers on Magnolia. 



