1878-81] Chronology of Events 461 



1878 Agreement with Russia is betrayed to the London press, and the 

 Cyprus Convention also becomes known at Berlin. 



Waddington, the French Ambassador, threatens to leave the Con- 

 gress, but is pacified by Bismarck, Salisbury promising Waddington 

 that in return for Cyprus the French Government shall be allowed 

 (1) to take possession at its convenience of Tunis, (2) to be given 

 an equal share with England in the financial control of Egypt, and 

 (3) that the French claim to protect Latin Christians in Syria shall 

 be acknowledged by England. 



A new treaty, in place of that of San Stefano, is signed at Berlin 

 regulating European Turkey, the Peace of Berlin. 



Beaconsfield and Salisbury return to London announcing "Peace 

 with Honour," and are banqueted at the Mansion House. England 

 takes military possession of Cyprus, and appoints perambulating 

 Consuls in Asia Minor, as arranged by the Convention. 



The Anglo-French control established in Egypt. Rivers Wilson 

 appointed Finance Minister, Baring Controller and Blignieres French 

 Minister of Public Works, Nubar Pasha (an Armenian) Prime Min- 

 ister. Rothschild finances the new regime with a loan, raising the 

 total debt to £68,000,000. 



1879 Financial Reforms are introduced by the new Control in the interest 

 of the Bondholders rather than of the people. These increase the 

 misery of the fellahin and bring the foreign Control into discredit. 



Wilson and Nubar, with the Khedive Ismail's complicity, are 

 mobbed in the streets. The Khedive dismisses both, and decrees a 

 Constitutional Government in native hands. 



Rise of the first National Egyptian Movement. 



Bismarck makes alliance with Austria against Russia. 



Wilson, returning to Europe, appeals to Rothschild for help. The 

 English and French Governments being unwilling, Bismarck inter- 

 venes. 



The Sultan is invited to depose Ismail. His son Tewfik is named 

 by the Sultan in his place with limited rights of borrowing. 



The Dual Financial Control restored under Tewfik with a new 

 Law of Liquidation, moderating the excessive claims of the bond- 

 holders. 



An Egyptian Ministry is appointed by England and France con- 

 jointly. 



1880 Gladstone succeeds Beaconsfield. Granville at the Foreign Office. 

 Granville threatens to bombard Dulcigno in company with the 



French fleet in order to enforce on Turkey a rectification of the 

 Greek frontier. 



Sultan Abdul Hamid suppresses the Ottoman Constitution at 

 Constantinople. Much religious unrest in the Mohammedan world. 



1881 The French, under St. Hilaire, on the pretext of punishing a tribe 

 on the Tunisian frontier of Algeria, send a French army, which 

 crosses the frontier, marches unopposed to Tunis, and forces the Bey 

 to sign the Treaty of Bardo accepting a French Protectorate. 



