1882] Chronology of Events 463 



1882 to arrest Arabi and place himself in command of the Egyptian Army 

 and restore order. 



Dervish fails to intimidate the Nationalists, and confines himself to 

 making peace betweeen the Khedive and Arabi, on whom he confers a 

 high decoration from the Sultan, with the title of Fcrik (Field 

 Marshal). 



The British fleet continuing at Alexandria, great popular excite- 

 ment ensues. 



1 \th June. — Riots occur with loss of life, and the English Consul 

 at Alexandria is mobbed. 



nth July. — The Europeans having been withdrawn from Cairo on 

 board ship, Admiral Seymour bombards Alexandria, the French 

 Admiral having refused to join in it. 



The city being on fire, Arabi withdraws his forces to a defencible 

 position inland, and Alexandria is burnt and given up to pillage. 



Dervish Pasha escapes in his yacht to Constantinople, and Tewfik 

 places himself under the protection of the British fleet. 



A Grand Council assembles at Cairo, and declaring the Khedive 

 to have deserted to the enemy, assumes supreme authority, order 

 being well maintained. It entrusts Arabi with the defence of the 

 country. 



A conference meanwhile of Ambassadors assembles at Constanti- 

 nople, the lead being taken by Dufferin to decide on a course of 

 action. 



The Ambassadors sign a protocol of disinterestedness in any new 

 Egyptian settlement on behalf of their Governments. 



The Sultan is once more invited to restore order, but while he 

 hesitates to send troops, Gladstone despatches an army of 34,000 men 

 to Egypt, the French Government refusing as before to take part in 

 it, so also does the Italian Government, invited by Granville. 



The British Army under Wolseley occupies the Suez Canal in spite 

 of French protests, proclaiming that it has come, not to take posses- 

 sion, but to re-establish the authority of the Khedive and maintain 

 the Sultan's suzerain rights. A similar declaration had been pre- 

 viously made by Seymour at Alexandria. 



13th Sept. — Wolsey, marching on Cairo defeats Arabi at Tel-el- 

 Kebir with the slaughter of 20,000 Egyptians, most of them unarmed 

 peasants. Arabi surrenders to General Drury Lowe. 



Cairo is occupied and the Khedive replaced in authority. An 

 intention is announced of hanging Arabi, but is prevented by feeling 

 in England. Many thousands of the Nationalists are arrested and 

 imprisoned, and a reisjn of political terror prevails. 



Liberal opinion in England, shocked at these extremities of repres- 

 sion, expostulates with Gladstone, and Dufferin is sent as High 

 Commissioner to Cairo to make a settlement on Liberal and Consti- 

 tutional lines. 



Arabi, induced by a private agreement with Dufferin to plead 



