1 895-1898] Chronology of Events 467 



1895 ing Salisbury unwilling to dismember Turkey, and being opposed to 

 the creation of a buffer Armenia as likely to prevent further designs 

 in Asia Minor, backs out of joint action with England. 



The Sultan is privately counselled by Lobanov to initiate against 

 the Armenians the severities used in Russia against the Jews and 

 Catholic Poles. 



Salisbury reverses Rosebery's policy, but having inserted a phrase 

 in the King's Speech favourable to Armenia, makes a show of going 

 on with it alone. 



The Armenian agitation is continued in England by Gladstone, who 

 makes his Armenian speech at Chester. 



The British fleet is ordered to the Dardanelles. Armenian risings 

 ensue at Constantinople and are suppressed by methods of massacre. 

 But Salisbury goes no further. Salisbury commences with Chamber- 

 lain a forward Colonial policy. 



Dispute with America about Venezuela. 



Ashanti expedition. 



Chartered company formed by Rhodes in East Africa. 



Matabele War. 



Rage of African speculation in England. 



1896 The Jameson Raid. 



Kaiser Wilhelm congratulates Kruger on the defeat and capture of 

 Jameson. 



Jameson, released by Kruger, is treated as a hero in London. 



Zanzibar is bombarded by a British man-of-war. 



Heligoland is given by Salisbury to Germany in exchange for the 

 Zanzibar Hinterland. 



Matabele War ended. 



The Italians, renewing their attempts on Abyssinia, are totally 

 defeated by Menelik, and find themselves in peril at Kassala. 



The King of Italy appeals privately for help to Kaiser Wilhelm, 

 who induces Salisbury to order an Egyptian advance up the Nile on 

 Dongola. The advance is made contrary to Cromer's advice and 

 without consulting the Khedive. 



1897 Trouble between Moslems and Christians having occurred in Crete, 

 Greece declares war on Turkey and invades Thessaly, but is totally 

 defeated by Shefket Pasha. The Powers intervene to stop the Turk- 

 ish march on Athens. The Sultan assumes the title of Ghazi (con- 

 queror), and his prestige is increased throughout the Mohammedan 

 world. 



Kitchener, with an Egyptian army, occupies Dongola, and con- 

 structs a railway from Wady Haifa to Korosko. 



Marchand starts on a secret expedition to the Upper Nile. 



The Dreyfus Case occupies all attention in France, to the exclusion 

 of foreign politics. 



1898 The road having been prepared by the Egyptian army, British 

 troops are sent to reinforce Kitchener, who advances against the 

 Khalifa. 



