468 Appendix VIII [1898-1900] 



1898 Battle of Omdurman, with immense slaughter of Dervishes. 



The Mahdi's tomb is violated by Kitchener's order, his body dug up 

 and thrown into the Nile, he himself retaining the head as a trophy. 



A solemn service is held at Khartoum of thanksgiving for " Gordon 

 avenged." The English flag is hoisted with the Egyptian flag, and the 

 Soudan is declared to be under the Joint Sovereignty of the Queen 

 of England and the Khedive. 



Marchand is discovered in possession of Fashoda. War nearly 

 ensues between France and England. Marchand is recalled. 



War with France having been narrowly avoided, a treaty is signed 

 at Cairo between Cromer and the Coptic Minister, Boutros, on the 

 terms of Joint Sovereignty of the Soudan already proclaimed, the 

 Sultan's rights being ignored. 



Russia occupies Port Arthur. 



Kaiser Wilhelm visits Syria and declares himself the friend of 

 Islam. 



Paul Cambon arrives as Ambassador in London on a mission of 

 reconciliation. 



Milner is sent to Cape Town to carry out a policy of reannexing 

 the Transvaal. 



America makes war with Spain. She annexes Cuba and Philip- 

 pine Islands. 



Much imperialist talk in England of a coming war for the overlord- 

 ship of the world. 



1899 Curzon appointed Viceroy of India. 



He enters into negotiations through Colonel Mead with the Sheykhs 

 of the Arabian shore of the Persian Gulf against the Ottoman Sul- 

 tan, and promises British Protection to the Sheykh of Koweit. 



Milner picks a quarrel with Kruger on the pretext of a refusal of 

 the franchise to Outlanders in the Transvaal. This pretext obtains 

 the approval of Morley and other Liberals. 



Milner delivers an ultimatum to Kruger. 



The Queen of Holland writes to Queen Victoria, praying her inter- 

 vention in the cause of peace. War is nevertheless declared. 



Buller is sent with a large army in October. It expects no resist- 

 ance, but is defeated repeatedly by the Boers. 



1900 The Boers having invaded Cape Colony, Roberts is sent with Kitch- 

 ener to relieve Buller in South Africa. 



Kruger meets with general sympathy in Europe. 



The Boers are defeated at Paardeberg, and Roberts occupies Pre- 

 toria. 



The War being considered over, Roberts returns to England, leav- 

 ing Kitchener to finish with the Boers' resistance. He adopts sever- 

 ities (recommended by Kaiser Wilhelm) of burning farms and con- 

 structing concentration camps for the Boer women, but the Boers still 

 hold the field. 



Belgian atrocities on the Congo denounced by Casement. 



Stock Exchange scare of a " Yellow Peril." 



