FLOWERLESS PLANTS 465 



Orange Rust, Cceo7na nitens. — Raspberry and blackberry bushes 

 are often attacked by this fungus, the leaves and young shoots com- 

 ing out bright orange in the spring. The appearance is so striking 

 as to need no description. Affected plants should be uprooted and 

 burned before the spores ripen. 



Rose Mildew, Spharotheca paiinosa. 



Apple Scab, Fusicladiiwi dendriticu7n . — This fungus is commonly 

 found as black scabby patches on the leaves and fruit and has been 

 estimated to injure from one-sixth to one-half of the entire apple crop. 



The Grain Smuts. — A conservative estimate of the damage 

 caused by fungi attacking corn, wheat, oats, barley, and rye is said 

 to be $200,000,000 annually; and this amount is stolen so stealthily 

 that few realize their loss. In grain-raising sections have each pupil 

 gather one hundred heads of wheat and oats at random, and estimate 

 the percentage destroyed by smut.^ 



Yeast. — Moulds and mildews are plants, many of which 

 we can see without difficulty. We now descend a step 

 lower to forms that we cannot see without 

 a microscope, except in the mass. Greatly 

 magnified, yeast plants have the appearance 

 of tiny ovoidal bodies, of which it would y\g. 193. 

 take about 3000 placed side by side to "^'east plants 

 measure an inch. Still, small as they are, showing manner 



of growth (mag- 



we can study them m a practical way. nified) 



We may use our medicine vials again for this purpose. Suppose 

 one-half of the class have their vials each partially filled with diluted 

 fruit juice, such as we used in the study of moulds ; and the other 

 half, after thoroughly cleansing and scalding their bottles, have a 

 large drop of freshly scalded flour or starch paste. It should be 

 made as transparent as possible, be free from air bubbles, and be 

 spread out evenly in one side of tlie vial. Let the pupils provide 

 themselves with needles mounted in sticks and pieces of clean glass, 



1 " The Grain Smuts : how they are caused and how to prevent them," 

 by Walter T. Swingle, Washington, 1898, Farmer's Bulletin^ No. 75. 



