ICE 



75 



Under Side of Newly Formed Ice 



Put a wet board where the water on it will freeze. Does the 

 ice form an even coating, or is some of the ice in the form of 

 needles ? Are any of the 

 needles arranged in stars or 

 rosettes ? 



When it clears off cold 

 after a fog or light rain, 

 you may often see ice fig- 

 ures on a stone sidewalk. 



Bubbles in Ice. — Have 

 you seen lines of bubbles 

 in ice ? Are they criss- 

 crossed in every direction, 

 or in straight lines side by 

 side ? Do they run length- 

 wise of the ice, or up and 

 down ? The bubbles are 

 made by the air that was dissolved in the water. In frozen 

 water the air is driven from the water and held between the 

 needles of ice. In which direction can you split ice the more 

 readily, across the lines of bubbles or lengthwise of them ? 



After a warm rain melting may take place around each bub- 

 ble until the ice is full of holes, and readily crumbles to needles. 

 Notice this on a skating pond after a thaw. 



Will ice bend ? How thick must ice on a pond be to bear a 

 man? 



Why Ice bursts Bottles. — When water freezes, it swells so 

 that ten quarts of water become eleven quarts of ice. Thus 

 ice is lighter than water, and so it floats. Why does not a 

 pond freeze solid ? 



Place a bottle of water outside of the window where it will 

 freeze solid. Does the bottle break ? Does the ice rise up in 

 the center and form a hump ? What makes it do so ? 



Icicles. — In the afternoon when it becomes cold after snow 

 has been melting all day on a roof, the water dripping from 



