26 BIRDS OF THE NEW YORK CITY REGION 



XL The following species have been introduced in our 

 vicinity from Europe. The Mute Swan has not as yet be- 

 come definitely established. The introduction of the other 

 three species can be pronounced a complete failure, and few 

 if any individuals survive. None is counted in the summary. 



INTRODUCED SPECIES, NOT ESTABLISHED 

 Mute Swan Chaffinch 



Skylark European Goldfinch 



XII. Hypothetical Species. Species whose occurrence 

 in our area has been recorded, but where definite and positive 

 evidence is lacking, are placed in this list. Three cases 

 marked with an asterisk (*) are recent sight records, appar- 

 ently reliable. Others are chiefly very old records of birds 

 whose occurrence is now known to be highly improbable, 

 and where this fact was not realized at the time. In other 

 cases the bird captured was possibly an escaped cage-bird. 

 All are discussed in detail in the proper place, and all should 

 be removed from the list of New York State birds. 



LIST OF HYPOTHETICAL SPECIES 

 *Western Grebe Ground Dove 



Great Auk *White Gyrfalcon 



Cabot's Tern Burrowing Owl 



Trudeau's Tern *American Three-toed Wood- 



Rufous-crested Duck pecker 



Hutchin's Goose Hoyt's Horned Lark 



European Curlew Painted Bunting 



SUMMARY 



Permanent Residents 37 



Summer Residents 89 



Summer Visitants 6 



Winter Visitants 30 



Irregular Winter Visitants 20 



Regular Transients 78 



Irregular Transients 21 



Casual Visitants 18 



Accidental Visitants 66 



Extinct and Extirpated Species 12 



Total. . . 377 



