438 BOTANICAL GAZETTE [DECEMBER 



made a rapid growth. Throughout the forest area are patches in 

 which Aronia nigra, Vaccinium corymbosum, and Ilicioides mucronata 

 stand so thickly as to be almost impenetrable. Where the forest has 

 been but slightly disturbed and the tamaracks are more or less 

 scattered, one finds a deep carpet of sphagnum with slender stems 

 of cassandra, andromeda, and Eriophorum virginicum rising through 

 it. Clusters of Sarracenia purpurea are common. The other plants 

 found in this society are Trientalis americana, Unifolium canadense, 

 Coptis trifolia, Rumex Acetosella, Rubus strigosus, Dryopteris 

 spinulosa intermedia, Osmunda cinnamomea, Viola blanda, Impa- 

 tiens biflora, Solanum dulcamara, Thelephora intybacea, Poly- 

 trichum juniperinum, Sambucus pubens, Agrostis alba, Blephari 

 glottis lacera, Cornus candidissima, and Cicuta maculata. 



Clearing society. Surrounding the forest on the east, south, and 

 west sides is a large area, in part dominated by sedges and grasses, 

 and in part by a typical " slashing." It is impossible to characterize 

 this plant association by any particular species. All that have been 

 thus far mentioned occur in scattered clusters, the proportions and 

 dominant plants varying from one locality to another. The notable 

 facts are that on the east side Carex teretiuscula, C. vulpinoidea, 

 C. riparia, C. filiformis, Scirpus cyperinus, Calamagrostis canadensis, 

 Aster Novae- Angliae, Eupatorium perfoliatum, and Aster junceus 

 have become the most abundant forms. To the west of the lake 

 these plants are present, but the taller shrubs are in control. Salix 

 discolor, Cornus stolonifera, Salix Bebbiana, S. sericea, and many 

 others already mentioned as occurring among the tamaracks are 

 present. 



The second lake and the more northerly one is bordered by an 

 exceedingly narrow zone of low-growing plants. The dominant 

 species are Decodon verticillatus and Typha latifolia. Chamae- 

 daphne calyculata, Carex riparia, Panicularia canadensis, and 

 Bromus Kalmii are of secondary importance. The trees come almost 

 to the water's edge. The proportion of red maples among the 

 tamaracks and birches is considerably greater than in the vicinity 

 of the other lake. Otherwise the tree society is essentially the same. 



We have illustrated, then, in the bogs at West Lake, First Sister 

 Lake, and Delhi, three stages in the filling of old lake basins. We 



