440 BOTANICAL GAZETTE [DECEMBER 



rounded by hills 25 to 30 feet (7.5-9) in height above the bog level. 

 During wet weather it has a shallow outlet to the southwest. The 

 land surrounding it has all been cleared and is now under cultiva- 

 tion. As shown by other timber areas in the vicinity, it is probable 

 that the original upland timber was made up in part of Pinus strobus, 

 Quercus coccinea, and Betula papyrifera. 



Bog-sedge society. Toward the center of the bog is a considerable 

 area in which the water level lies just at the surface. The sphagnum 

 is for the most part submerged, and the dominant plants are Carex 

 oligosperma and Scheuchzeria palustris. Occasional plants of the 

 following society are scattered throughout. 



Bog-shrub society. While this zone is characterized by Chamae- 

 daphne calyculata, Sphagnum cymbifolium, S. recurvum, and S. 

 subsecundum, young and dwarfed specimens of the spruce, tamarack, 

 and pine are present in large numbers. The surface formed by the 

 sphagnum is exceedingly rough and marked by hummocks. Among 

 the depressions Eriophorum virginicum, E. vaginatum, Andromeda 

 polifolia, Sarracenia purpurea, and Oxycoccus macrocarpus are 

 abundant. 



Tamarack-spruce society. This society forms a zone completely 

 surrounding the shrub society, and is dominated by trees of Larix 

 laricina and Picea Mariana. Occasional specimens of Pinus Strobus 

 are found, especially toward the southwest corner, where the sub- 

 stratum is somewhat higher than elsewhere. Beneath the trees is 

 an almost impenetrable tangle of shrubs, especially Vaccinium 

 corymbosum and Ilicioides mucronata. The substratum is prac- 

 tically bare of lower vegetation. An occasional mat of Aulacomnium 

 palustre may be found at the tree bases. That this society will come 

 into possession of the central bog area is certainly indicated by the 

 great numbers of young trees among the bog shrubs. 



Willow-sedge society. As usual in the clearing of the adjacent 

 land, the larger trees of the bog margin were also removed, and in 

 their stead has come up a growth of willows. The dominant plants 

 of this zone are Salix sericea, Cornus stolonifera, Spiraea salicifolia, 

 Salix discolor, Carex riparia, and C. stipata. Associated with these 

 plants are Sambucus pubens, Salix nigra, Iris versicolor, Populus 

 monilifera, Dryopteris spinulosa intermedia, Osmunda cinnamomea, 



