i86 



PORTFERA 



CHAl 



dermal layer includes a complete outer covering of pinacocytes, 

 which is reflected over the oscular rim to meet the gastral layer 

 at the distal end of the tube ; a deeper gelatinous stratum in 

 which lie scleroblasts and their secreted products calcareous 

 spicules ; and finally porocytes. 1 These last are cells which traverse 

 the whole thickness of the thin body-wall, and are perforated by 

 a duct or pore. The porocytes are contractile, and so the pores 

 may be opened or closed ; they are a type of cell which is 

 known only in Calcarea. It will be noticed that the fusiform or 



stellate " connective tissue cells " are 

 absent. The layer of pinacocytes as 

 a whole is highly contractile, and is 

 capable of diminishing the size of 

 the sponge to such an extent as quite 

 to obliterate temporarily the gastral 

 cavity. 2 



The choanocytes show certain coi 

 stant differences in structure in tin 

 families Clathrinidae and Leucosc 

 leniidae respectively. In the formei 

 the nucleus of the choanocyte 

 basal ; in the latter, it is apical, an( 



,-ri 



Fig. 77. The two types of Asconid 

 collar cells. A, of Clathrino, 

 nucleus basal ; B, of Leuco- 

 solenia, nucleus not basal, 

 llagellum arising from the 

 nuclear membrane. (A, after 

 Minchin ; B, after Bidder.) 



the flagellum can be traced down to 



it (Fig. 77). 



The tetraxon spicules have " equiangular " triradiate systems in 

 the Clathrinidae, while in Leucosoleniidae they are "alate." Finally, 

 the larva of Clathrinidae is a "parenchymula" (see p. 226), that of 

 Leucosoleniidae an " amphiblastula." 



The fact that it is possible to classify the Calcarea Homocoe 

 largely by means of histological characters is in accordance wit 

 the importance of the individual cell as opposed to the cell-layers 

 generally throughout the Porifera, and is interesting in serving 

 to emphasise the low grade of organisation of the Phylum. The 

 organs of sponges are often unicellular (pores), or the products of 

 the activity of a single cell (many skeletal elements) ; and even 

 in the gastral layer, which approaches nearly to an epithelium, 

 comparable with the epithelia of Metazoa, the component cells 



i 



1 Bidder, Quart. Journ. Micr. Sci. xxxii. 1891, p. 631, and Minchin, Quart 

 Journ. Micr. Sci. xxxiii. 1892, p. 266. 



2 Minchin, Lankester's Treatise on Zoology, p. 30. 



