86 RANGE OF EDENTATES CHAP. 
differences of any one of them to either of the two realms which 
have just been defined. The two realms that have been discussed 
retain their distinctness from each other and from Arctogaea for 
a considerable way back into the Tertiary period. It is not until 
we reach very early Tertiary times that Edentates are met with 
in North America; and then it cannot be regarded as absolutely 
settled that the Ganodonta are really the forerunners of the 
Armadillos, Sloths, ete. Nor do we find Marsupials in Europe 
until far back in time, and at a corresponding period in North 
America. Indeed the fauna of South America in late Tertiary 
times was even more distinct than it is now; for then we had 
confined to that region the Toxodonts, Glyptodonts, Wacrauchenia, 
and other forms, while in Australia there were still Marsupials. 
In late Tertiary times Europe and India were by no means 
so distinct from Africa as they are to-day. North America does 
not resemble the Old World quite so much as the subdivisions 
of the Old World resemble each other; but, as will be pointed 
out later, there are and were very substantial agreements. The 
Elephants, Rhinoceroses, Giraffe, Hippopotamus, Orycteropus, are 
now distinetively African or Indian animals; but all these 
genera, or at least families (in the case of the Giraffe), have 
occurred in Europe during quite recent times. Lycaon indeed, 
now confined to Africa, is thought to have had a European 
origin from its occurrence in caves there. The Hyaena and the 
Lion, certain members of the Horse tribe, Apes, and other 
animals, were also but are not now European. 
India again, and the Oriental region generally, once possessed 
the Hippopotamus, the Chimpanzee, Giraffidae, the Antelopes, 
Cobus, Hippotragus, Strepsiceros, and Orias, which are now purely 
African animals. It shares at present with the Ethiopian region 
the Catarhines, including the Anthropoid Apes, the Lemurs, Tra- 
eulina (the genus Dorcatheriwm is also known from fossils in 
India), Wanis, Hyaena, the Cheetah, Elephant, Rhinoceros, and the 
Ratel. There is, in fact, no order of mammals which is now 
absent from one of these three regions though present in the 
others, save the Lemurs, and they occurred in past times in 
Europe. The Tapir of India is known fossil in Europe, and the 
latter continent had its Monkeys and even Anthropoids. On the 
other hand, North America is more distinct. It has no Lemurs, 
Apes, Elephants, Rhinoceroses, Tapirs, Old World Edentates (Hffo- 
