XI CLASSIFICATION OF DEER 2901 
book, into which its lining membrane is raised. Finally there is 
the abomasum, out of which proceeds the small intestine. 
Garrod has observed that the chamber of the stomach which 
varies most among the Pecora is the psalterium. This chamber 
is specially large in Bos, and particularly small in the Antelopes 
Nannotragus and Cephalophus. But its variation relates more 
especially to the folds of its mucous membrane. These folds are 
of varying lengths and have a definite arrangement There may 
be as many as five sets of laminae of regular depths. The most 
simple psalterium is that of Cephalophus, where there are only 
two sets of laminae of different sizes, a deeper set and a very much 
shallower set; this form.is termed by Garrod “duplicate.” Most 
common is the “quadruplicate” arrangement, with four sets of 
laminae of differing depths. In all Pecora the liver is but little 
divided by fissures. 
Fam. 6. Cervidae.—The Deer tribe is a very extensive one, 
and, with the exception of Africa and Australia, world-wide in 
distribution.' 
The Deer are absolutely distinguished from all other Ruminant 
animals by the existence of antlers, which are invariably present 
in the male sex, save in the aberrant genera Moschus and [Hydro- 
potes ; in the Reindeer alone are antlers present in both sexes. 
The general characters of these appendages have been dealt with 
on a former page (p. 200), where they are compared to, or rather 
contrasted with, the horns of the Bovidae. These antlers, so 
characteristic of the Cervidae, are very variously developed 
among the members of the family. Thus in Haphodus the 
antlers are very small and entirely unbranched. In the Munt- 
jacs, Cervulus, the antlers are hardly larger, but they have a 
small anterior branch arising from near the pedicel, the “ brow 
tine.” In Cariacus antisiensis only one branch, the brow tine, 
is present, but it is nearly as long as the main stem of the antler, 
the “beam.” In Capreolus capraea the beam bears two tines; 
in Cervus sika three; in C. duvauceli two of the three tines 
present bear secondary branches. There are other complications 
(some of which are illustrated in Figs. 152-157) of the simple 
antler which culminate in the complex antlers with their ex- 
panded “ palms” of the Elk and the Fallow Deer. 
1 Sir Victor Brooke, ‘‘On the Classification of the Cervidae,’’ Proc. Zool. Soc. 
1878, p. 883. 
