292 ANATOMY OF DEER CHAP. 
Another highly-interesting fact concerning these same antlers 
is their gradual increase in complexity of tines and palm from 
the Miocene Cervus matheroni to the great Irish Elk of post- 
Tertiary times. 
Beyond the antlers there seems to be no character of universal 
applicability which distinguishes the Cervidae from the nearly- 
related Antelopes. There are, however, a number of structural 
features which are nearly universally characteristic. Excepting 
Moschus (which Professor Garrod would not allow to be a “ Deer”), 
no Cervine has a gall- bladder’ to its liver. All Bovidae (in- 
cluding Antelopes) have, with the exception of Cephalophus. 
A small but constant character of the Deer is the existence of 
two orifices to the lachrymal duct. The genus 7ragelaphus alone 
among Antelopes shows this character. 
So far as is known the placenta of the Deer has but few 
cotyledons, that of the Bovidae many. But not many types are 
known. 7 
The navicular, cuboid and ectocuneiform are often united. 
This is never the case in the Bovidae. 
The first and second phalanges of the lateral (imperfectly 
developed) digits are always present except in the Muntjacs; 
they are never found in Boyvidae. The Deer always present a 
light brown to a darker brown coloration. Lvaphodus michianus 
is almost black. There is commonly white on the under parts 
and beneath the short tail. Some Deer, such as the Fallow Deer, 
are spotted ; and the young of others that are uniformly coloured 
when adult are spotted. In some cases a winter coat, darker 
than the summer coat, is developed. 
Altogether some sixty species of Deer are known, of which 
the preponderance are Old-World forms. The Deer of the Old 
World are distributed among the genera” Cervus (all Europe and 
Asia); Cervulus, the Muntjacs (India, Burmah, China, etc.) ; 
Hydropotes (Eastern China); Capreolus (Europe and Central 
Asia); Hlaphodus (Eastern China); there is one American 
Cervus, the Wapiti. The American genera are Cariacus and 
Pudua. The Elk (Alces) and the Reindeer (Rangifer) are circum- 
polar. The principal structural modification which occurs within 
. . . . . , 
1 Tt has been occasionally recorded in an Axis Deer, and in another species, 
Cariacus superciliaris. 
2 It is not every one that admits so many genera. I follow Sir Victor Brooke. 
