XI PERE DAVID’S DEER 293 
the family Cervidae concerns the rudimentary fifth and second 
toes. In Capreolus, Hydropotes, Moschus, Alces, Rangifer, and 
Pudua there are considerable remains of the lower parts of 
metacarpals IJ. and V.; in the other genera smaller traces of 
the upper ends of the same bones. 
The two most abnormal genera are J/oschus and Hydropotes, 
more particularly the former, which neither Sir V. Brooke nor 
Professor Garrod allow to be members of the family at all. J/oschas 
is usually placed in a special sub-family by itself, Moschinae, the 
remaining Deer being referred to another sub-family, Cervinae. 
- Sub-Fam. 1. Cervinae.—The genus Cervus comprises rather 
over twenty existing species, which, except the Wapiti (C. 
canadensis), are exclusively Old World in distribution. The prin- 
cipal features of variation in the genus, in accordance with which 
it has been divided up into sub-genera; are (1) palmated (Fallow 
Deer, Dama) or non-palmated antlers; (2) adults spotted with 
white at all ages and seasons (Ais), or in summer only (Pseudaaxis), 
or not at all; (3) spotted or unspotted young; (4) existence or 
absence of rudimentary canines in the upper jaw. 
Among the members of this genus, Cervus (Haphurus) 
davidianus is interesting as having been first observed by the 
missionary Pere David in a park belonging to the Emperor of 
China near Pekin. Its horns are remarkable for dividing early 
into two branches of equal length, of which the anterior again 
branches into two. Specimens of this Deer were ultimately 
obtained for the Zoological Society’s Gardens. 
The species of Cervus are fairly distributed between the Palae- 
arctic and the Indian regions. The Palaearctic species, such as 
Liithdorff’s Deer (Fig. 152), are mainly Asiatic. Cervus elaphus 
and Cervus dama alone are European and British. The former 
of course is the Red Deer, the latter the Fallow Deer. The 
Red Deer is reddish-brown in summer and greyish-brown in 
winter, with the white patch on the rump so common in the 
Deer tribe. The Red Deer is genuinely wild in Scotland, in 
certain parts of Devonshire and Westmoreland, and in the New 
Forest. At the beginning of the last century, according to 
Gilbert White, there were 500 head of deer in Wolmer Forest, 
which were inspected by Queen Anne. The antlers may have as 
many as forty-eight points; and a stag with more than the three 
anterior tines is termed a “ Royal Hart.” The Fallow Deer has 
