298 COMPLEX ANTLERS CHAP. 
trampled down, and the animal contents itself with browsing 
upon the adjacent stems. The well-trampled ground gives an 
easy footing, and by his powerful horns the great stag is able to 
keep his enemies at bay. 
Fig. 156.—Moose. Alces machlis. x #5. 
Rangifer tarandus, the Reindeer, is unique among Deer by 
reason of the fact that both sexes wear antlers. These antlers 
are palmated. The brow tine and the next or bez tine are also 
palmated and are directed forwards and a little downwards. The 
young are unspotted. The pelage alters in winter. Like the 
Moose, the Reindeer is circumpolar. As is well known, during the 
Pleistocene period the Reindeer extended its range as far as the 
South of France. Even in the historic period it is said to have 
been hunted in Caithness. 
teindeer, like so many other particularly Arctic animals, 
have regular migrations. In Spitzbergen, for instance, the animal 
migrates in the summer to the inland region of the island, and in 
