XIII ANCIENT ‘DOGS 423 
skeletons of both being in situ ; this animal was about the size of 
a Shepherd Dog. The actual Dog of to-day is divisible into more 
than 180 different breeds; but in a work upon “ Natural History ” 
it would seem out of place to enumerate and characterise these 
artificial products. Authors vary in their opinion as to what 
stock gave rise to the domestic races of the past and of to-day. 
The Jackal, the Bunasu (C. primaevus), the Indian Wolf (C. 
pallipes), have been proposed as likely ancestors. It is more 
probable that there is much admixture, and that various wild 
types have been selected by man in various countries. 
Extinct Canidae—Many of the existing species of Canidae 
are also to be found in Pleistocene deposits of the countries which 
they now inhabit. A few show a wider range in the immediate 
past than in the present. Thus Zycaon (L. anglicus) has been 
met with in caves in Glamorganshire, while Jcticyon of South 
America appears to be congeneric with Speothos of the Brazilian 
caves. The African Otocyon seems to occur in deposits in India. 
There are also numerous extinct species belonging to the genus 
Canis, which extend as far back as the Plocene. 
The earlier types of Dogs have been placed in different genera. 
Cynodictis is an Kocene form from European strata. The skull is 
decidedly Civet-like, with a short snout. The fore- and hind-feet 
were five-toed, with well-developed pollex and hallux. The 
dentition was that of modern Dogs, the molars being two in the 
upper and three in the lower jaw. The general aspect of the 
creature and the form of the skeleton was much like that of the 
Viverrine genus Paradoxurus, of which, as well as of the Dogs, 
Cynodictis might have been an ancestor. 
Simocyon of the Upper Miocene serves as the type of a separate 
sub-family of Dogs, Simocyoninae. The skull is short, broad, and 
high ; the shortening of the skull affecting the jaws has reduced 
the teeth greatly; the first three premolars are very small, fall 
out soon, and are thus often deficient. There are only two 
molars in each jaw. ‘This type is of course nowhere near the 
ancestral Dog. It is a much-specialised branch of an early type. 
Cephalogale is less specialised; there are the usual four pre- 
molars. Hnhydrocyon is an intermediate form; it has lost one 
premolar in each jaw. 
Amphicyon, forming the type of another sub-family, Amphi- 
eyoninae, though usually placed among the Dogs, presents us with 
