584 THE FOSSIL MAN OF JAVA CHAP. 
the most part parallel to each other. Above this framework a 
number of loose leaves lay. There is no doubt, therefore, that 
these nests are not by any means elaborate structures, and that 
they only serve as sleeping-places, and not as nurseries for the up- 
bringing of the young, as has been asserted. 
The Orang seems to be usually of a fairly mild disposition ; it 
will rarely attack a man unprovoked. But Dr. Wallace, who has 
accumulated a large number of observations upon these animals, 
describes a female Orang who “on a durian tree kept up for at 
least ten minutes a continuous shower of branches, and of the 
heavy-spined fruits as large as 52-pounders, which most effectually 
kept us clear of the tree she was on. She could be seen breaking 
them off and throwing them down with every appearance of rage, 
uttering at intervals a loud pumping grunt, and evidently mean- 
ing mischief.” The name given by the Dyaks to the Orang is 
Mias Pappan.' 
Fossil Anthropoid Apes.— Undoubtedly the most interesting 
of fossil Anthropoids is the now famous Pithecanthropus erectus. 
Our knowledge of it is due in the first place to Dubois.” But there 
is hardly an anatomist or an anthropologist who has not had his say 
upon this regrettably very incomplete remnant. The creature is only 
known by a calvarium, two separate teeth, and a femur. And the 
femur, moreover, 1s diseased. M. Dubois discovered these remains 
in the island of Java in andesite tufa of Plocene or at least 
early Pleistocene age. The remains were found in company with 
Stegodon, which is now extinct, and Hippopotamus, which is no 
longer found in that part of the world. The name Pithecanthropus 
was given to it by the discoverer in order to furnish with a 
definite habitation and a name the theoretical Pithecanthropus of 
Haeckel. Even the most particular of students of mammalian 
nomenclature will hardly object to the utilisation of a name for a 
second time which is with some clearness a nomen nudum !/ 
The animal when erect must have stood 5 feet 6 inches high. 
The contents of the cranium must have been 1000 cm., that is to 
say 400 cm. more than the cranial capacity of any Anthropoid 
1 For the external appearance of the Orang see Hermes, Zeitschr. f. Ethn. 1876, 
a paper which has coloured plates. 
2 Pithecanthropus erectus. Hine menschendhnliche Uebergangsform aus Java, 
Batavia, 1894. See also Ernst Haeckel, Zhe Last Link (with notes by H. Gadow), 
London, 1898; Manouvrier, Amer. Journ. Sci. 1897, p. 213 (extracts) ; and Klaatsch, 
Zoolog. Centralbl. vi. 1899, p. 217. 
