454 ANTHROPOLOGY 



incidentally to presage anthropology. These movements led up 

 to the distinctively nineteenth century stage, and a renewed 

 pulse of British activity; Joule and others measured the mechan- 

 ical equivalent of heat and experimentally demonstrated the per- 

 sistence of motion, and so founded physics; by masterly observa- 

 tion and comparison, Darwin denned the development of species 

 (including man), thus infusing the blood of life into the Linnean 

 system; Huxley and Tyndall simplified all science by establish- 

 ing the uniformity of nature; and at last American scions of An- 

 glian sires independently discovered through anthropologic obser- 

 vation that the minds of all men of corresponding culture-grade 

 respond similarly to similar stimuli, thereby proving the sound- 

 ness and completeness of the Baconian foundation of knowledge. 

 The four laws of nature established in western Europe the In- 

 destructibility of Matter, the Persistence of Motion, the Develop- 

 ment of Species, and the Uniformity of Nature are, in fact, 

 complementary to the law forecast by Bacon and applied in Amer- 

 ica three centuries later as the Responsivity of Mind; and the 

 five laws are the cardinal principles of science. It is curious that, 

 while Bacon's view of the mind as a faithful reflex of other nature 

 colored and shaped the progress of science through the centuries 

 (for how could Lavoisier, or Joule, or Darwin, or Huxley repose 

 confidence in their observations without resting even greater con- 

 fidence on the accuracy of the observing mechanism?), the Bacon- 

 ian law lay in the background of thought without conscious ex- 

 pression (despite daily subconscious use) from the dawn of the 

 seventeenth century down to the last quarter of the nineteenth. 

 How the law was neglected is the history of modern science read 

 between lines; why it was neglected until the science of sentient 

 man arose to rediscover it is a present problem for those anthropo- 

 logists whose sympathies and interests cover the full field of human 

 knowledge. 



Howsoever the three-century eclipse of Bacon's fundamental 

 law be interpreted, the history of science stands out sharp and 

 clear when viewed in the light of anthropology. There were two 

 great movements, the Naissance in the east-Mediterranean region, 

 and the Renaissance, commonly credited to the Mediterranean 

 countries, but really made in the North Sea region; each com- 

 prised a long interval of accumulation of experience and a briefer 

 time of formulation of knowledge; in each the formulated know- 

 ledge faithfully expressed the habits and characters of leading 

 thinkers of the times; and the modern movement reached the 

 commonplace things of every-day life in such wise as to render 

 science a devoted handmaid rather than a remoter de*esse, a means 

 of welfare rather than an end of aspiration. The anthropologist 



