LARGER PROBLEMS OF ANTHROPOLOGY 455 



feels that the comprehensiveness of the ancient and the practical- 

 ness of the modern unite in his science, which (despite the narrow 

 definitions of earlier decades) is that of mind-controlled man, the 

 dominant power of the visible world, the science-maker as well as 

 the subject of science. 



Such are a few of the relations of anthropology to the sister 

 sciences, a few of the ways in which the science of sentient man 

 touches the sum of human knowledge; to catalogue all would be 

 interminable. 



The Rise of Anthropology 



When the science of man grew up in the North Sea region, it 

 was at first little more than a branch of zoology, and its makers 

 busied themselves with features of the human frame corresponding 

 to those of lower animals; comparative anatomy was cultivated 

 with assiduity and profit, anthropometry flourished, and mankind 

 were apportioned into races defined by color of skin, curl of hair, 

 slant of eyes, shape of head, length of limb, and other structural 

 characters i. e., the methods and principles of zoology were 

 projected into the realm of humanity. It was during this stage that 

 homologies between human structures and those of lower animals 

 were established in such wise as to convince attentive students 

 that mankind must be reckoned as the ennobled progeny of lower 

 ancestry; true, the conviction grew slowly against the instinctive 

 antagonism of the investigators themselves and the less effective 

 (though louder) protests of contemporaries, yet the growth was so 

 sure that the question of the ascent of man is no longer a problem 

 in anthropology. Meantime the masters and here Huxley and 

 Darwin must always rank gave first thought to normal and 

 typical organisms; their disciples followed the same commendable 

 course, and as other lines of man-study opened they called their 

 work physical anthropology. One of the collateral lines reverted 

 to the abnormal (in which knowledge commonly begins) and re- 

 curved toward the Mediterranean (where the influence of Alexan- 

 dria and Athens still lingers), to mature in criminal anthropology 

 the science of abnormal man; another line led through prehistoric 

 relics to archeology, and still another stretched out to the habits 

 and customs of primitive peoples, and eventually to comparison of 

 these with the usages and institutions of civilized life. The last of 

 these lines was laid out in Britain largely by Tylor, and was pursued 

 in Germany and other European countries as general anthropology, 

 ethnography, anthropo-geography, etc. 



Even before this growth began, a development not unlike that 

 accompanying the making of Europe (save that the progress was 

 more rapid) was under way in America; for the pioneers not only 



