458 ANTHROPOLOGY 



secondary and doubtful fashion) but grouped in culture-grades, 

 and that these culture-grades are of special use and meaning, in 

 that they correspond with the great stages of human progress from 

 the lowly and unwritten prime to the brightness of humanity's 

 present. 



The culture-grades (and progress-stages) may be defined in terms 

 of arts or of industries, of laws, of languages, or of philosophies, and 

 the definitions will coincide so closely as to establish the soundness 

 of the system, though it is customary to define them in terms primar- 

 ily of law (or social organization) and secondarily of faith or philo- 

 sophy. So defined, the grades (and stages) are: (1) Savagery, in 

 which the social organization is based on kinship traced in the 

 maternal line, while the beliefs are zootheistic; (2) Patriarchy, or 

 Barbarism, in which the law is based on real or assumed kinship 

 traced in the paternal line, and in which belief spreads into pan- 

 theons including impressive nature-objects as well as beasts; (3) 

 Civilization, in which the laws relate primarily to territorial and 

 other proprietary rights, while the philosophies grow metaphysical 

 and the beliefs spiritual; and (4) Enlightenment, in which the law 

 rests on the right of the individual to life, liberty, and the pursuit of 

 happiness, and in which the philosophy is scientific or rational, while 

 the faiths grow personal and operate as moral forces. The peculiar 

 excellencies of this classification lie in its simplicity, and in the fidel- 

 ity with which it reflects the unique nature-power lying behind the 

 kinetic character of the human entity, i. e., mentality; for, in the 

 last analysis, the stages but portray and measure the normal growth 

 of knowledge. Thereby the system sets milestones in the path of 

 human progress, in numbers sufficient to outline its trend with satis- 

 factory certainty ; and it is especially notable that this trend is from 

 the lower toward the higher with respect to every distinctively 

 human attribute. 



So anthropology came up, chiefly on the western hemisphere 

 and under the stimulus of unique and strenuous experiences; and 

 so it has assumed form and substance and spread widely over the 

 world during two decades past. Viewed from its own high plane, 

 the growth of the science presents no puzzling problem; yet, since 

 no mind leaps lightly from classification on a static basis (as in 

 somatology and its parent zoology) to classification on a kinetic 

 basis (as in demonomy), the modern aspects of the science are full 

 of problems to some students. 



Problems of Classification 



While the essential characters of mankind reside in mind-shaped 

 activities, it remains true that the mental mechanism is planted in 



