LARGER PROBLEMS OF ANTHROPOLOGY 459 



a physical structure derived from lower ancestry by uncounted 

 generations of development; and the problem as to the weight 

 properly assignable to hereditary structural characters in classifying 

 men and peoples remains, in many minds, a burning one. As an 

 academic problem, this may be said to distinguish the new anthro- 

 pology from the old, and to divide the anthropologists of the day 

 into opposing schools, one chiefly American, the other chiefly Euro- 

 pean; as a practical problem of applied science, it has already en- 

 gaged the attention of the world's leading statesmen (most of them 

 approaching it empirically under the law that doing precedes think- 

 ing), and, with such help as they have been able to secure from 

 science, they have solved it to their satisfaction, and have declared 

 in numberless constitutional and statutory provisions that red and 

 black, if not yellow men, share with whites the potency (at least) of 

 enlightened citizenship, and should be led and aided and educated 

 toward that goal despite the handicap of heredity. Here the highest 

 statecraft and the most advanced anthropology strike hands; the 

 statesman argues from his own experience that lowly men may be 

 raised up, and hence that it were heartless to strike them down; the 

 scientist but sums more numerous observations when he traces the 

 upward trend of humanity; and both stand firmly on the rock of 

 experiential knowledge. True, practical questions involved in the 

 general problem are constantly arising: Can the Apache at San 

 Carlos best be led toward citizenshjp by penalties for misdeeds, by 

 rewards for righteousness, or by a combination of the two? Does 

 the hereditary structure of the Negrito of interior Luzon debar him 

 from hope of free citizenship, including that rectitude of conduct 

 and nobility of impulse which free citizenship requires? Can the 

 fellahin of Egypt be lifted from the plane of subjection to despotism 

 to that of intelligent loyalty as royal subjects? Will the educational 

 qualification in Maryland elevate the franchise? These are among the 

 multifarious and ever-rising questions involved in the problem; and 

 while the old anthropology stands aloof, they are receiving yearly 

 solution at the hands of modern science and modern statecraft. 

 Fortunately this present problem of anthropology is no less practical 

 than were those confronting pioneer Puritans and Cavaliers in an 

 earlier century, and like those it must be wrought out through living 

 experience; still more fortunately, the chief factors in the problem 

 are now grasped by students taught in the severe school of the 

 settlers grasped so firmly that little remains undone save the 

 bringing-up of loiterers who linger in the haze of half-knowledge and 

 hearken idly to bookish echoes of simpler science. 



Connected with this problem is another no less burning: Does the 

 mental mechanism of mankind react on physical structure in such 

 wise as to control the development of individuals and types? As an 



