THE HISTORY OF ANTHROPOLOGY 477 



However this controversy, both in folklore and in anthropology, 

 may be settled, it is clear that it must lead to detailed historical 

 investigations, by means of which definite problems may be solved, 

 and that it will furthermore lead to psychological researches into 

 the conditions of transmission, adaptation, and invention. Thus 

 this controversy will carry us beyond the limits set by the theory 

 of elementary ideas, and by that of a single system of evolution of 

 civilization. 



Another aspect of the theories here discussed deserves special 

 mention. I mean the assumption of a "folk-psychology" (Volker- 

 psychologie) as distinct from individual psychology. " Folk-psycho- 

 logy" deals with those psychic actions which take place in each 

 individual as a social unit; and the psychology of the individual 

 must be interpreted by the data of a social psychology, because 

 each individual can think, feel, and act only as a member of the 

 social group to which he belongs. The growth of language and all 

 ethnic phenomena have thus been treated from the point of view 

 of a social psychology, and special attention has been given to the 

 subconscious influences which sway crowds and masses of people, 

 and to the processes of imitation. I mention Steinthal, Wundt, 

 Baldwin, Tarde, Stoll, among the men who have devoted their 

 energies to these and related problems. Notwithstanding their 

 efforts, and those of a number of sociologists and geographers, 

 the relation of "folk-psychology" to individual psychology has 

 not been elucidated satisfactorily. 



We will now turn to a consideration of the recent history of 

 somatology. The historical point of view wrought deep changes 

 also in this branch of anthropology. In place of classification, the 

 evolution of human types became the main object of investiga- 

 tion. The two questions of man's place in nature and of the evo- 

 lution of human races and types came to the front. The morpho- 

 logical and embryological methods which had been developed by 

 biologists were applied to the human species, and the new endea- 

 vors were directed to the discovery of the predecessor of man, to 

 his position in the animal series, and to evidences regarding the 

 direction in which the species develops. I need mention only Hux- 

 ley and Wiedersheim to characterize the trend of these researches. 



In one respect, however, the study of the human species differs 

 from that of the animal series. I stated before, that the slight dif- 

 ferences between types which are important to the anthropologist 

 had led to the substitution of the metric or quantitative description 

 for the verbal or qualitative method. The study of, the effects of 

 natural selection, of environment, of heredity, as applied to man, 

 made the elaboration of these methods a necessity. Our interest 

 in slight differences is so much greater in man than in animals or 



