500 SOMATOLOGY 



We therefore find differences in peoples of the same race, which are 

 comparable to those which distinguish wild from domestic animals. 

 Anthropometric measurements made among college students have 

 also shown that measurements which are affected by the condition of 

 the muscles, change in accordance with the development of the 

 muscles during practice. Hence differences of this character brought 

 out during childhood and continued into adult life may result in 

 differences of structure, and these differences are so functional that 

 they do not belong to race; nor may they be interpreted as placing 

 one race lower than another, for they are cultural. 



Many anatomical peculiarities which have been spoken of as 

 theromorphisms may be due either to heredity or to malnutrition. 

 Such is the os incae characteristic of certain regions of Peru and 

 of the southwest; the torus palatinus characteristic of the Laps; the 

 small nasals accompanied with synustosis, with the maxilla and the 

 prenasal fossa, and the more important variations of the arteries 

 and the muscles. Certain other anatomical peculiarities, such as 

 the peculiar disposition of the frontal, parietal, and temporal bones 

 so as to form the figure H seems to be due to malnutrition, while 

 a platynimic condition of the tibia has been shown by my distin- 

 guished colleague to be functional rather than racial. We may take 

 finally a single other anatomical feature, that of facial prognathism, 

 often spoken of as characteristic of the so-called "lower races." It 

 must be admitted that the forward projection of the maxilla of the 

 Negro is more nearly typical of the apes than are the maxilla of 

 the Europeans. At the same time it must be noted that this con- 

 dition may be considered among the Europeans as an arrest of 

 development, and hence indicative of a higher development; but the 

 broad and flat nose among the Negroes, a condition found in white 

 children and variable in adult whites, may also be regarded as an 

 arrest of development; but in this case the arrest of development 

 may not be interpreted as indicative of a higher development. Hence 

 it may be stated that the arrest or superior development of a feature 

 simply expresses a direction of development. It seems that, as man- 

 kind has developed along the same general lines, certain peculiarities 

 have remained stationary in some races, and thus may be said to 

 show an arrest of development, while in others some feature has been 

 strongly developed. Thus as characteristic of the Australian may 

 be noted the great development of the frontal sinuses; of the Negroes, 

 facial prognathism; and of the whites, the high and the narrow nose. 

 It may be concluded, therefore, that no one race is anatomically 

 more ape-like than any other, or more highly developed. Hence we 

 are not justified in speaking of those races as lowest which differ most 

 widely from ours. More than once the Negro of Africa has proven 

 himself the equal, if not the superior, of the white man, anatomically, 



