THE PROBLEMS OF SOMATOLOGY 503 



fication. As has been pointed out by Ehrenreich, the five great 

 races which he recognized actually existed. Nor did he divide 

 races which belonged together. It may be noted, however, in pass- 

 ing, that the anthropological position of certain blacks in India and 

 of the peoples of Australia, which have sorely puzzled somatologists, 

 were not known to the science at that time. Above all, it must be 

 noted that Blumenbach's system was based on scientific observations 

 in which the form of the face entered for the first time. 



Following Blumenbach's classification was that of Cuvier, who 

 recognized but three great races, namely, the Caucasian, European, 

 and the Mongolian, the basis of classification being the color of the 

 skin. In this classification Cuvier readjusted the races so as to 

 include within the Mongolian the Malayan and American, which 

 two were thought to be inferior by Blumenbach. 



In considering the later history of the schemes of classification 

 it is not necessary to follow a chronological order; nor is it ad- 

 vantageous at this time to consider, even briefly, all of the schemes 

 proposed. As a matter of fact, classifications which follow were 

 modifications either of that of Linnaeus, Blumenbach, or Cuvier, 

 each modified by the peculiar point of view taken by the observer. 

 One of the earliest and the most important of the later students 

 was the Swedish somatologist Ratzius, who in 1840 proposed for 

 the first time the cephalic index, and who classified mankind ac- 

 cording to their heads as long or short. With this, the beginning 

 of craniometry, many somatologists came forward from time to 

 time, each, by some new scheme of measurements, proposing to 

 solve what heretofore had seemed incapable of solution. With the 

 contribution of Kemper, Lucae, Broca, Welcker, von Torok, Sergi, 

 and von Holder, each adding a new and often important addition 

 to metric methods, the solution of the problems of classification 

 seemed more and more near. In the mean time skulls and heads 

 were measured by the countless thousands, but none of the methods 

 proposed stood the test, for it was found that craniology, instead 

 of solving problems, complicated them. As a result craniology fell 

 into ill repute; and it was right that it should, for the determina- 

 tion of types and races of mankind is not to be done with only the 

 calipers. 



Without considering further the history of classification, it may 

 be stated as a fact that probably no three classifications which 

 might be proposed by the ten most prominent anthropologists 

 living to-day would be found to coincide. The reason for this is 

 perhaps due in large measure to the fact that neither the basis of 

 the classification which the ten might thus propose would agree, nor 

 would their criteria of what constitute a race be identical. It may 

 therefore be profitable to consider for a moment this aspect of the 



