RELATIONS OF ARCHEOLOGY 517 



mountains, reaching at length that of the celestial bodies, for all 

 the while their mental faculties were continually developing, wished 

 to give to their divinities some material form, to raise in their 

 honor temples and pyramids, and finally to organize their religious 

 rites, they clothed these superior deities, the product of a superior 

 intelligence, with human shape. Man in his turn made the gods in 

 his image and likeness. 



Following this idea, it is illogical to confine the science of man to 

 his study as an object of natural history or as an animal. Somato- 

 logy and ethnology, and consequently ethnography, doubtless belong 

 to it also. Man has not only a body, but natural faculties as well, 

 which cannot be left out of reckoning in his study. He thinks, he 

 has an ever active brain. The collection of his thoughts forms his 

 philosophy, just as his method of thinking makes his logic. He has 

 a heart, and feels, and of these feelings his morals and religion are 

 born. One of his most beautiful faculties is the power to express 

 what he thinks and what he feels. If he does this by means of speech, 

 grammar, oratory, and rhetoric belong to the science of man. But 

 he may also express it by means of writing, and then poetry, and 

 literature in general, are also to be considered as forming part; or 

 again, he may give his thoughts to the world through painting, 

 sculpture, and the other esthetic arts. If we should not ascribe a 

 conventional meaning to these names, but only what truly corre- 

 sponds to them from their component parts, in anthropology should 

 be included all the subjective sciences. 



I may perhaps seem overbold in thus introducing an innovation 

 in the already established methods; but if we should consider man 

 in a special way, we must take into account all that is his, treating 

 separately the objective, what is apart from him. So then, con- 

 ceived in this light, archeology is not only a great aid to anthropo- 

 logy; but an absolute necessity towards its perfect knowledge and 

 complete development, in every way one of the branches which I have 

 mentioned. 



Let us begin by studying the human races, one of the most im- 

 portant objects of ethnology. 



Isolated and differing traditions, perhaps correct, but still im- 

 perfect, furnish us with but vague ideas as to man's origin and 

 distribution over the face of the globe. On this point history is 

 silent; that does not come within its sphere; it can only record 

 facts united to a clear and exact chronology. The cosmogonic epochs, 

 designated by the Nahuas as Suns, have only been known through 

 the study of the hieroglyphics. 



Four pages of a codex preserved in the Library of the Vatican 

 teach us that the first epoch was known as Atonatiuh, or the Sun of 

 Water; that towards its end, the world perished by a flood, the 



