ETHNOLOGY : ITS SCOPE AND PROBLEMS 569 



comparative research and to practical application in medicine and surgery; 

 (2) the comparative anatomy of man with other animals is comparative ana- 

 tomy; (3) the comparative anatomy of man with man is anthropography. 



The analysis and classification of the various races of man is strictly a branch 

 of systematic, or taxonomic, zodlogy; but if this subject had been left to the 

 zoologists, very little would have been known at the present day about the races 

 and peoples of mankind, and we are thoroughly justified in taking it over. The 

 geographical distribution of the human varieties comes in here, and would have 

 been similarly neglected if it had been left to the general geographer. 



The embryology of man is clearly on the outskirts of anthropography; com- 

 parative human embryology can scarcely be said to exist, but when it does it 

 will fall more directly within our province. 



The paleontology of man has always been accepted as within the scope of 

 anthropography, although it is equally a branch of vertebrate paleontology. 



Human physiology is primarily a part of comparative physiology; it is only 

 when the functions of individuals of various races are compared inter se that they 

 become anthropographical. 



The ecology of the nature-folk passes by such insensible grades into that of 

 the culture-folk that it is difficult in practice to draw the line between them. 

 The interrelations between the physical and biological environment on the one 

 hand and the mere gatherers of food, the hunters, and even the simplest agri- 

 culturists on the other, are very similar to those of mere animals, and so far one 

 may speak of an anthropographical ecology. 



Finally, etiology in anthropography, as in zoology and botany, seeks to 

 rationalize the evolution of the individual and of the race. While the embryo- 

 logist and paleontologist study and describe the facts of ontogeny and phylo- 

 geny, the etiologist seeks to reach a rational explanation of each of these 

 processes. 



Ethnology 



On turning to a higher plane we leave the natural man (ZvOpwiros or homo), 

 and pass to the social man (socius), and in ethnology, or sociology, as it may be 

 termed with equal propriety ("the natural history of social life," as Dr. A. H. 

 Post terms it), we can retain a series of studies analogous to those in anthropo- 

 graphy and zoology and botany. A description of a single group of man (tBvos), 

 is sometimes described as ethnography, and in this sense it should be a mono- 

 graphic study including alike anthropography, ethnology, and psychology. 



The anatomy, so to speak, of the social man (socius) is descriptive sociology, 

 or the analysis of his institutions, and technology, which is the description and 

 comparison of the tools he employs. 



Social taxonomy deals with the clan, family, tribe, nation, and similar groups. 

 The geographical distribution of these must not be lost sight of, and, as in zoo- 

 logy or botany, is conveniently treated by the taxonomist. 



The origins and developmental phases of the occupations, institutions, and 

 technology of cultural man are the analogue of the embryology of the natural 

 man, and must be taken together with archeology, which is the paleontology of 

 history. 



The actual functioning of the occupations and institutions of cultural man 

 . bears the same relation to their analysis that physiology does to anatomy, but 

 the relation is more intimate, as the one can scarcely be considered apart from 

 the other. As the objects made by man belong to the analytical category, so here 

 may be taken all methods of conveying ideas or information, from gesture-lan- 

 guage to linguistics. 



The interrelations between various social groups, between male and female, 



