THE UNITY OF MENTAL SCIENCE 585 



the observations of the field naturalists, nor ignore even the more 

 valuable of the contributions of our agricultural stations, econo- 

 mic zoology, the stock farm, and the menagerie, men hunters, etc. 

 Studies here need sympathy as well as controlled conditions. We 

 also want compends of what is known of each of the important 

 animals and birds nearest to man, and to make contact with dy- 

 namic or functional biology in its efforts to pass beyond morph- 

 ology and investigate life, histories, habits, and causes of varia- 

 tion, postulating that the manifestations of instinct are just as 

 differentiated and as persistent as those of morphology itself. No 

 philosophic prejudice should make us forget that animals have 

 the same will to live, love of offspring, fear, anger, jealousy, indi- 

 vidual attachments, memory, attention, knowledge of locality, 

 home-making instincts and senses that we do. Nor should we deny 

 that empirical methods, whether they have yet done so or not, 

 are quite capable of giving sufficient evidence for the existence 

 of psychic powers as radically different from our own as those 

 claimed for photodermatism or the topochemical sense of the an- 

 tennse of ants. Not only, then, might the old maxim, " Psychologus 

 nemo nisi physiologus," be now also with much propriety reversed, 

 but physiological psychology is now expanding both ways toward 

 a larger biological philosophy, and studies of life and mind will 

 henceforth be more and more inseparable just in proportion as 

 genetic or evolutionary conceptions pervade our field. 



Child-study, which began so crudely and has long since silenced 

 many, though not yet all, of the objections raised against it, has al- 

 ready demonstrated its practical value for education, and is acquiring 

 a place of its own in the literature of other departments, especially 

 pathology, philology, and criminology, and is beginning to prove 

 itself a key of unsuspected value in unlocking problems connected 

 with the prehistoric development of the race, supplementing stu- 

 dies of the adult mind somewhat as embryology does anatomy 

 and histology. It has not only made new connections between 

 our work and the above departments, but is -steadily developing 

 a logic which, though as yet unwritten, is destined, in my own fond 

 belief, to become an instrument of great value in reinterpreting 

 the bionomic law of recapitulation, shedding new light upon early 

 developmental stages, and thus giving psychology a genetic per- 

 spective which it has so sadly lacked in the past. Students in this 

 field are impregnating insignificant and transient acts, expres- 

 sions, and feeling with new meanings. This work still suffers from 

 the fact that, like the Renaissance, the Reformation, and to some 

 extent Darwinism itself, it had to begin outside academic circles, 

 which are now so rapidly opening to it, and develop popular in- 

 terest and momentum before it could attain scientific methods. 



