THE HISTORY OF PSYCHOLOGY 615 



Before proceeding, however, it may be well to give a re'sume' of 

 principles, the platform upon which the entire development is 

 projected. This platform is that of cognitive and reflective self- 

 consciousness of such a sort as that which the individual has at- 

 tained when he thinks of his inner life as a more or less consistent 

 unity, passing through a continuous and developing experience: 

 a self different from things, and also different from other selves; 

 yet finding its experience and exercising its functions in closest 

 touch with both. And furthermore this touch with things and 

 persons is so close that, whatever his reflection about himself may 

 lead to, he accepts the facts, (1) that the world as a whole includes 

 himself and others in its larger uniform processes, and (2) that the 

 methods of its treatment of him through his body, are also his meth- 

 ods of handling it. The individual must be, that is, first, a some- 

 what careful naturalist, and also second, a somewhat skillful posi- 

 tivist; and it is only when there is the reflection of this sort of self- 

 consciousness into the scientific endeavor of the race that there comes 

 a time ripe for a truly scientific psychology. 



IV. Nineteenth Century Naturalism 



British Empirical Psychology. The empirical movement re- 

 asserted in John Locke the subjective point of view reached in 

 the dualism of Descartes. Furthermore, it attained in David Hume 

 the return movement from a pure naturalism of the objective only 

 to a corresponding naturalism of the subjective. Locke's subject- 

 ivism is seen in his doctrine of primary and secondary qualities, in 

 which he renewed the relativity of Democritus and the Cynics, and 

 in his polemic against innate ideas. Hume's subjective naturalism 

 appears in his entire work. Hume's theories of ideas, belief, sub- 

 stance, cause, all testify to his complete absorption in the thought 

 of the psychic as a law-abiding and continuous flow of events. 



The most explicit result of this point of view appeared, how- 

 ever, in the theory of Association of Ideas, upon which the school 

 of British empiricists founded their psychology. James Mill, J. S. 

 Mill, Thomas Brown, and Alexander Bain are the figures which 

 are drawn large upon the canvas of associationism in the nine- 

 teenth century. The theory of association, considered as a formula 

 of general explaining value, was epoch-making historically, inas- 

 much as it was the first general formulation made from the new 

 point of view. 



for the other great American Exposition, that at Chicago in 1893. That report, 

 entitled Psychology, Past and Present (published in the Psychological Review, 

 and now incorporated hi the volume Fragments in Philosophy and Science), goes 

 into greater detail respecting recent movements and literature, with special 

 reference to conditions in the United States. 



