THE HISTORY OF PSYCHOLOGY 617 



function of mind as effort, struggle, etc., in modifying the organism 

 to accommodate it to the environment. The explicit application, 

 however, of the Lamarckian theory was due to Herbert Spencer, in 

 whose work we recognize a conscious attempt to work out an evolu- 

 tion theory of mind, as a branch of general cosmology. It is interest- 

 ing that it was in the same generation, indeed in the same decade, 

 that those other Englishmen, Darwin and Wallace, gave both 

 biology and psychology alike an impulse which has established a 

 genetic science. For Lamarckism is not positivism; only in Darwin- 

 ism did a thorough-going positivism of method supplement and 

 correct the naturalism of Spencer and Lamarck. The contribution 

 consisted in the extending to mind of the methods of positive and 

 comparative research, and the formulation of a principle, that of 

 natural selection, which established genetic continuity and by which 

 research has since been directed and controlled. It is somewhat 

 remarkable that Lamarckism never secured the hold upon the minds 

 of psychologists that it did upon those of biologists; and the progress 

 to Darwinian positivism has had real reinforcement from workers 

 in our science. 



Now at the end of the nineteenth century the genetic 

 principle is coming into its rights. It has done most service hitherto 

 negatively, in its antagonism to a psychology exclusively associa- 

 tional, on the one hand, and to one exclusively structural, on the 

 other hand. The earlier science was debtor, in its structural concept, 

 to physics; it was a positivism of the atomistic or agenetic type. 

 The latter is debtor, in its functional concept, to biological science; 

 it is a positivism of the developmental or genetic type. However 

 fruitful the atomistic, structural psychology has been, it has had its 

 word, and it is not the final word. A great era of research is upon 

 us in the treatment of consciousness as a thing of functional evolution 

 in the race, and of personal development in the individual. This 

 general psychology of the future has been prepared for in the physical 

 mode of psychologizing, just as the general biology of the present was 

 prepared for by the anatomical science of life which preceded it. 



Among those whose names should be mentioned as contributing 

 either to the Lamarckian or to the Darwinian form of the genetic 

 principle are Haeckel and Weismann in Germany; and among those 

 powerfully aiding its acceptance in their respective countries are 

 Ribot in France, Morselli in Italy, Romanes and Huxley in England, 

 and John Fiske in America. 



V. Nineteenth Century Positivism , 



French Positivism; Social Psychology. In France the progress 

 of naturalism, in matters psychological, was much more rapid, and 



