702 COMPARATIVE AND GENETIC PSYCHOLOGY 



an extent we are apt to become the slaves of the disintegrating 

 tendencies of scientific procedure. Because we can break up a situ- 

 ation into what we call its constituent elements, we think that they 

 are separately felt elements in the primary experience. I do not 

 think that this is the case. I regard it as much more probable that 

 the developing situation is collectively felt as it is unfolded; and 

 that complex wholes, biologically integrated, rather than consti- 

 tuent elements, analytically disintegrated, are for ontogenetic 

 treatment the primary data. 



On this view, then, instinctive procedure presents to the en- 

 vironing consciousness, embodied in the control-system, ready-made 

 situations. And, on the subsequent occurrence of like situations, 

 under substantially similar circumstances, these are dealt with in 

 accordance with the meaning which their predecessors had acquired. 



One cannot, however, too strongly emphasize the fact that, in 

 passing from biological responses and reactions, to conscious be- 

 havior founded on experience, we introduce a wholly new order of 

 values values not in terms of organic survival but in terms of 

 feeling-tone. The two sets of values are so often and, of necessity, 

 so predominantly consonant their interrelations are so many arid 

 so close that we are apt to forget that they are radically distinct. 

 Physiology, as such, knows nothing whatever of that order of 

 pleasure-pain values, which for us, as psychologists, are essential. 

 They form no part of the ideal construction of physiology: they 

 are dominant factors in the ideal construction of psychology. 



And it is here, just where the strictly biological and the distinctly 

 psychological factors begin to interact, that the difficulties of analy- 

 sis make themselves felt. I have distinguished between the auto- 

 matic system, the functioning of which is determined entirely by 

 biological values in terms of survival; and the control-system, the 

 functioning of which in its psychological aspect is determined 

 entirely by a different order of values in terms of feeling-tone. The 

 outcome of the one is instinctive behavior; the outcome of the 

 other is intelligent behavior. But both are dependent on heredity. 

 And it is therefore, I think, essential to distinguish, in our ideal 

 construction, between two orders of heredity: first, that which 

 obtains within the automatic system and which thus determines 

 the nature of the hereditary responses; secondly, that which obtains 

 within the control-system and which thus determines the nature of 

 the hereditary likes and dislikes. For analysis these are independent 

 each within its appropriate sphere; but they are developed within 

 the same organism in close synthetic relationship. 



At the outset of ontogenetic development instinctive and auto- 

 matic responses are due to the purely biological order of heredity; 

 but their results are reflected in the conscious environment and 



