RELATIONS OF COMPARATIVE PSYCHOLOGY 711 



us to apply these principles in such a way as to analyze out the 

 two factors, supposing that both coexist. As I read the results 

 of the recent researches of Dr. Kinnaman, Professor Thorndike, 

 Mr. Hobhouse and others, on the intelligence of the primates, there 

 seems however, but little evidence, even in them, of the schematic 

 products of ideational construction. And the question arises whether 

 such products are possible without language as an instrument of 

 analysis and synthesis. 



In attempting to deal, I fear very inadequately, with the sub- 

 ject committed to my charge, I have essayed to give a very broad 

 and general survey of the genetic sequence. Starting with biolog- 

 ical reactions and bringing these into touch with the early stages 

 of intelligent guidance, the essential feature is the occurrence of 

 a new order of values, those of feeling-tone in terms of pleasure- 

 pain. So long as situations are dealt with naively in and for thenir 

 selves, these values are the determining psychological factors, but 

 always in close and vital relationships with the survival values 

 of the biological mode of explanation. At some stage, however, of 

 the evolutionary process a new order of values has its rise and 

 origin these are connected with ideal schemes and systems; 

 and they are in terms of worthier the ideal life. Just as intelli- 

 gence forms the environment under which automatic responses 

 are guided to higher ends, so does some sort of rational system 

 form the environment under which perceptual processes are con- 

 trolled. Here we have the scientific foundations of ethics. But 

 here too, important as these scientific foundations may be, many 

 of us feel that they are insufficient; and we are thus brought into 

 close relations with those metaphysical postulates which are out- 

 side the sphere of comparative and genetic psychology, qud sci- 

 ence with relations which no doubt have been or will be dis- 

 cussed in another section of this comprehensive Congress of Arts 

 and Science. 



