CONCEPTS AND METHODS OF SOCIOLOGY 793 



economic opportunities are discovered on the confines of established 

 civilizations. 



Societies of the remaining five types are in a measure artificial, 

 in part created by reflection by conscious planning. They are 

 usually compound, products of conquest or of federation, and, 

 with few if any exceptions, they are of heterogeneous composition. 

 They are found in the relatively bountiful and differentiated en- 

 vironments. 



(4) A community of the fourth type consists of elements widely 

 unequal in ability: the strong and the weak, the brave and the 

 timorous, exploiters and the exploited like enough, conquerors 

 and conquered. The social bonds of this community are despotic 

 power and a fear-inspired obedience. The social type is the Despotic. 



(5) In any community of the fifth type, arbitrary power has been 

 established long enough to have identified itself with tradition and 

 religion. Accepted as divinely right, it has become authority. 

 Reverence for authority is the social bond, and the social type is, 

 therefore, the Authoritative. 



(6) Society of the sixth type arises in populations that, like the 

 Italian cities at their worst estate, have suffered disintegration of 

 a preexisting social order. Unscrupulous adventurers come forward 

 and create relations of personal allegiance by means of bribery, 

 patronage, and preferment. Intrigue and conspiracy are the social 

 bonds. The social type is the Conspirital. 



(7) Society of the seventh type is deliberately created by agree- 

 ment. The utility of association has been perceived, and a com- 

 pact of cooperation is entered into for the promotion of the general 

 welfare. Such was the Achsean League. Such was the League of the 

 Iroquois. Such was the confederation of American commonwealths 

 in 1778. The social bond is a covenant or contract. The social type 

 is the Contractual. 



(8) Society of the eighth type exists where a population collectively 

 responds to certain great ideals, that, by united efforts, it strives to 

 realize. Comprehension of mind by mind, confidence, fidelity, and 

 an altruistic spirit of social service, are the social bonds. The social 

 type is the Idealistic. 



Of these varieties of society the higher, compound communities 

 or commonwealths, may, and usually do, include examples of the 

 lower types, among their component groups. 



All of these eight types, and the instinctive type exhibited by 

 animal bands, have been observed from the earliest times and have 

 suggested to social philosophers as many different theories of the 

 nature of society. Thus in the totemistic lore of savagery we find 

 endless suggestions of an instinct theory. In the mythologies of 

 tribally organized barbarians we find sympathy, or natural-brother- 



