CONCEPTS AND METHODS OF SOCIOLOGY 795 



social organization is of one or another type, according as it is on 

 the whole coercive, or on the whole liberal, in character. 



The fourth class of social facts pertains to the great end, to the 

 attainment of which the social organization is a means. That end 

 is the Social Welfare. The social welfare is seen in its most general 

 form in certain public utilities, including security, justice and liberty, 

 economic opportunity, and opportunity for culture. It is seen finally 

 in the type of personality that the social life creates, and which must 

 be studied as vitality, mentality, morality, and sociality. 



Not every society individually considered survives long enough 

 to pass through all the possible stages of social evolution, but society 

 in the aggregate, and in historic continuity, displays to us four 

 distinguishable stages of evolutionary advance. There is, first, the 

 stage of Zoogenic Association, in which the mutual aid and protec- 

 tion practiced by animal bands plays an enormously important part 

 in the differentiation of species and in the survival of those best 

 endowed with intelligence and sympathy. There is, next, the stage 

 of Anthropogenic Association, in which, through unnumbered ages, 

 the creature that was destined to become man was acquiring the 

 distinctly human attributes of language and reason. There is, later 

 on, the stage of Ethnogenic Association, wherein is evolved that 

 complex tribal organization characteristic of savage and barbarian 

 life. Finally, there is the stage of Civic or Demogenic Association, 

 in which great peoples outgrow tribal organization, and create a 

 political organization based on common interests, irrespective of 

 blood-relationships. 



These categories of social fact have established certain natural 

 subdivisions in social science. Corresponding to the historical order, 

 we have, first, studies in animal sociology; second, studies of 

 primitive human culture; third, the great sciences of ethnography 

 and ethnology, investigating tribally organized mankind; and, 

 fourth, history, the narrative and descriptive account of the evolu- 

 tion of civil society. Corresponding to the four great divisions of 

 phenomena in contemporaneous society, we have, first, demography, 

 or the study of social populations; second, social psychology, and 

 the culture-studies of comparative philology, comparative art, 

 comparative religion, and the history of science, all of which are 

 investigations of the social mind; third, the political sciences, 

 devoted to a study of social organization; and, fourth, such sciences 

 of the social welfare as political economy and ethics, the scientific 

 study of education, studies of pauperism, and criminology. 



Such being our conceptions of the nature of society, and of the 

 proper analysis and classification of social facts, let us pass on to 



