EVOLUTION OF SOCIAL STRUCTURES 849 



or less accidental causes. It does not render them superior in other 

 respects. The individuals of both races will differ greatly in charac- 

 ter and ability, and members of the subject race will often excel those 

 of the dominant race in certain respects. They are all struggling 

 together for subsistence, and it is inevitable that their interests 

 will often be the same. Race-prejudice will thus gradually give 

 way, and in the general industrial strife there is a greater and 

 greater commingling and cooperation. There thus arises a large 

 industrial class made up of these two elements, and this class may 

 be appropriately called the "social mesoderm." This industrial, 

 commercial, or business class is the real life of the society. The 

 ruling class becomes more and more dependent upon it for the 

 supply of the resources of the state, and gradually the members 

 of this class acquire more or less influence and power. 



As time goes on, the situation is accepted by all, and race-pre- 

 judices give way. The interaction of all classes increases, and a 

 general process of assimilation sets in, tending toward a complete 

 blending of all classes into a single homogeneous group. Inter- 

 marriage among the members of the two races grows more and 

 more frequent, until ultimately nearly or quite all the members 

 of the society have the blood of both races in their veins. The final 

 outcome of it all is the production of a people. The people thus 

 evolved out of heterogeneous elements is different from either of 

 the races producing it. It is a new creation, the social synthesis 

 of the race-struggle, and is as homogeneous in its constitution as 

 was either of its original components. 



Only one more step in this process of evolution of social struc- 

 tures is possible on the simple plane on which we have been trac- 

 ing it, and that is the making of a nation. The new people that 

 have been developed now begin to acquire an attachment, not only 

 for one another as members of the society, but also for the place 

 of their birth and activity. They realize that they are a people 

 and that they have a country, and there arises a love of both which 

 crystallizes into the sentiment that we call patriotism. All are 

 now ready to defend their country against outside powers, and 

 all are filled with what we know as the national sentiment. In a 

 word, out of the prolonged struggle of two primarily antagonistic 

 and hostile races there has at last emerged a single cemented and 

 homogeneous nation. 



We thus have as the natural and necessary result of the con- 

 quest and subjugation of one primitive group by another no less 

 than fourteen more or less distinct social structures or human in- 

 stitutions. These are in the order in which they are developed: 

 (1) the system of caste; (2) the institution of slavery; (3) labor 

 in the economic sense; (4) the industrial system; (5) landed pro- 



