PROBLEMS OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 873 



tion of their common purposes. Such division of labor favors a still 

 higher degree of understanding and mutual confidence. 



(5) Directive organs are created to secure coordination of efforts. 

 The concrete embodiment of collective aims in one man, or set of 

 men, objectifies the group, and assists the members to a clearer 

 consciousness of their unity. 



(6) The sympathy among the socii is such that they restrain 

 the members of the community from aggression upon one another. 

 Out of these spontaneous activities develop, first, juristic rules, 

 and, later, organs of control to enforce these rules. 



(7) Organs are instituted to promote a completer socialization 

 of the members of the group. By means of festivals, public wor- 

 ship, authoritative doctrines, education, and the like, it is sought 

 to realize in all, not merely specific sentiments, but a certain ideal 

 of life. 



Whatever the intermediate shadings, these seem to be the pri- 

 mary colors in the moral spectrum that leads from personal ego 

 to collective ego, from atomism to a corporate consciousness that 

 makes men feel they exist solely for their tribe, state, church, or 

 order; and willing not only to die, but, what is more, to live for it. 

 Now, after the social psychologist has determined the noteworthy 

 levels in the emergence of a group-individuality, and has set forth 

 their distinguishing characteristics, the yet more difficult task 

 presents itself of ascertaining the causes and conditions of each of 

 these phases of group-evolution. Some of these factors will be 

 morphological, pertaining to the constitution and form of the group. 

 For example, are the persons in the group few or many, alike or 

 dissimilar, equal or graded, assembled or dispersed, assembled by 

 chance or by appointment? Do the members know or meet with 

 one another? Are their relations direct or chiefly indirect? Is their 

 association casual or intentional, open or close, temporary or per- 

 manent, public or secret, for general ends or for a specific end? 

 How do executive centres arise? Are they simple or compound? 

 Are the powers-holders movable or irremovable, absolute or re- 

 sponsible, chosen for a term or for life, limited or unlimited in their 

 powers? 



The make-up of the group is nevertheless not the only thing 

 that determines what stage of unity it shall reach. How definite 

 are its guiding ideas or ideals? How important are the purposes 

 the group undertakes to realize? Is there any other way of realizing 

 them than by collective action? What sacrifices are required? How 

 much energy is lost through friction? To what extent does organ- 

 ization chafe the organized? How far is socialization resisted by 

 influences that fortify personal individuality? How far is it qualified 

 by a dominant society? Is it limited by rival groupings, dividing 



