42 MEDICINE 



Nuck, Bninner, Wirsung, Peyer, Havers, Cowper, Schneider, Hew- 

 son, Vieussens, and Merkel, and many others, dissected out ever- 

 lasting monuments of their genius and skill. Hooke introduced 

 the term "cell," and the cell-doctrine was founded by Malpighi 

 and Grew. Linnaeus, Kant, Richelieu, Mazarin, Moli6re, Bach, 

 Hayden, Beethoven, and Goethe were contemporaries of these 

 other great men. Peruvian bark was introduced into Spain during 

 this period. 



The eighteenth century, called the golden age of medicine, wit- 

 nessed a continuation of the constructive and realistic work of the 

 previous century. Pathologic anatomy was born, and in the person 

 of Morgagni received an impetus which gave it everlasting life. 

 John Hunter, Baillie and Home in England, and Bichat in France 

 were worthy successors of Morgagni. In this century Leopold Aven- 

 brugger, the discoverer of percussion as a means of diagnosis of the 

 diseases of large organs of the body, introduced the method in clin- 

 ical investigation. Haller originated experimental physiology. An 

 ambulatory clinic was inaugurated at Prague in 1745, and the first 

 clinical institute was founded at Vienna in 1754 by Van Swieten. 

 Preventive inoculation against small-pox was performed, a method 

 of protection against variola which was practiced by the Chinese 

 a thousand years before Christ. The most notable event of that 

 period occurred at the close of the century with the discovery, by 

 Edward Jenner, of vaccination as a protection against small-pox. 



The period marked by the first seventy-five years of the nineteenth 

 century was but a continuation of the tendencies of the preceding 

 period. The watchword of medicine was pathological anatomy 

 and diagnosis the so-called scientific or exact medicine. This 

 tendency to realism was modified to some degree by the philosophic 

 teaching of Schelling, Hartman, Spencer, Haeckel, Hagel, and others. 

 Pathologic anatomy found brilliant exponents in Bretonneau, 

 Corvisart, Bright, Rokitansky, Louis Magendie, and many others. 

 The practical salutary effect of pathology upon practical medi- 

 cine was evinced by the epoch-making clinical observations of 

 Addison, Graves, Cheyne, William Stokes, Trousseau, Wunderlich, 

 Ziemmsen, Corrigan, and others. Notable was the advancement 

 made in physical exploration in diagnosis. Avenbrugger's inven- 

 tion of percussion was extended by the translation of his book and 

 the adoption and improvement of the method of percussion by 

 Corvisart. 



In 1815, Laennec invented the stethoscope. Skoda developed 

 both percussion and auscultation and published his famous work 

 on these subjects in 1839. Thus in medicine we find that, even in 

 that early day, the pathologist and the clinician taught that by 

 the aid of its special senses and by the microscope and instruments 



