RELATIONS TO OTHER SCIENCES 249 



We know that, on the other hand, races such as the Jewish and the 

 Japanese, which have kept themselves pure for centuries, have 

 reached a very high stage of efficiency. So far as history shows, we 

 have no clear proof that the mixing of races breeds races of a higher 

 efficiency. But we do know very well that the mingling of very 

 widely different races leads to a degenerate quality of hybrid. What 

 will be the result of fusing together the typical Anglo-Saxon with the 

 dark-haired Latin, Slavic, and Semitic races of Southern Europe, 

 remains to be seen. Since they are all of Indo-Aryan stock, no harm 

 may result, but I have personally observed most disastrous results 

 among children of unions between the Scandinavian and the Spanish 

 races. 1 



Psychiatry and Psychology 



The science of psychology stands nearest to psychiatry of all the 

 non-medical sciences. It should, in fact, bear the same relation to 

 clinical psychiatry that physiology does to medicine. It furnishes us 

 the normal standard of mental activity, and should give name and 

 definite description of what takes place in the healthy mind. There- 

 fore, it is as important that the psychiatrist should have a sound 

 knowledge of the elements of psychology as that the neurologist 

 should know the anatomy of the nervous system. 



For after all psychiatry is now and will long be essentially a clinical 

 science, a study of a grouping of symptoms. In neurology we make 

 three diagnoses when the art is perfectly exhibited. We have a 

 clinical diagnosis by which we recognize a symptom group, a local 

 diagnosis by which we recognize the seat of the disease, and a patho- 

 logic diagnosis by which we recognize the nature of the trouble. In 

 psychiatry only the clinical diagnosis is made as a rule, and this 

 clinical diagnosis is really dependent mainly on the study of the 

 psychology of the patient. Clinical psychiatry is, in fact, only 

 morbid psychology. 



All this would lead us to think that the relation of psychiatry and 

 psychology should be an intimate one. As a matter of fact, psycho- 

 logists do not write with much reference to the morbid mind. This 

 at least is my experience in an effort to orient myself on this subject. 



1 In a study of the subject of immigration and nervous and mental diseases, 

 made in 1882 (Annual Report of American Social Science Association), I reached 

 the conclusion that immigration tends slightly to increase the amount of insanity 

 out of proportion to the native population, partly through influence on social life 

 and partly through the introduction of poor stock. 



Only a portion of the immigrants and certain special races have these tenden- 

 cies. Immigrants were found to develop an excess of organic disease, but to have 

 fewer functional nervous diseases than natives, due probably to their social con- 

 ditions and the exposure incident to poor methods of living. 



Twenty years ago the foreign-born made up a fifth of our population, and con- 

 tributed to a third of the cases of insanity. 



