PSYCHIATRY IN THE FUNCTIONAL PSYCHOSES 275 



of the dominance of the sensory over the motor side of the nervous 

 mechanism is consistent with the fact that all movements are prima- 

 rily a response to sensory impressions and are performed under their 

 guidance. It follows from the teachings of Hughlings Jackson that 

 cell-groups are thus formed by a process of education. All motor 

 phenomena being responsive reactions to stimuli applied to the 

 neuro-muscular mechanisms, the laws of use and habit influence 

 functional activity and growth. The unity of all these sciences is also 

 shown. Physiology and morphology have to do with interdependent 

 manifestations of organic existence; there can be no disease until 

 there is first normal life with whose physical sequels pathology has to 

 deal. Inasmuch as the whole science of pathology must refer all its 

 material to normal standards, both on the functional and the mor- 

 phological side, a like freedom belongs to the minor province of mental 

 pathology; psychiatry is at least justified in seeking directly its 

 immediate explanations in the hopeful though neglected field of 

 function. 



The Pathological Conceptions of Psychiatry stated in Terms implying 

 Morphological Ideas 



In such a survey as this, of so complex a subject, certain difficult- 

 ies have appeared concerning special aspects of current effort, in the 

 field of the psychiatrist's labors. Allusion has been made to the 

 remarkable fact of the disharmony between mental physiology and 

 mental pathology. There are signs of the coming of better coopera- 

 tion, but so far the general fact is that the psychiatrist borrows from 

 psychology what seems fitting with his pathological conceptions, and 

 applies some of its psycho-physical methods; at the same time he 

 hesitates to use the data and even the terminology offered by expert 

 investigators in mental physiology. The importance of care in the 

 use of descriptive words has been mentioned; an inquiry like this 

 draws special attention to this subject and some extraordinary facts 

 are revealed that should receive further notice. 



First among these may be mentioned the use of the word physio- 

 logical; its frequent infelicitous employment by both pathologists 

 and psychologists themselves emphasizes the width and depth of the 

 traditional gulf between mind and body. The distinction is com- 

 monly made between psychical phenomena and physiological phe- 

 nomena and the designations "mental side " and " physiological side " 

 are used to make the same contrast. Mental phenomena are them- 

 selves physiological, but the usage implies a distinct psychical ele- 

 ment as an extra-physiological epiphenomenon, when such a mean- 

 ing is not intended, and is therefore misleading. The mind event and 

 the brain event are both physiological. 



