RELATIONS TO OTHER SCIENCES 467 



IX. Medicine 



Finally and though last not least I have to discuss the 

 relations of laryngo-oto-rhinology with other branches of our great 

 mother science, Medicine. The subject is one so large that, to do 

 it justice, not one but a course of lectures would be required. At 

 every step the specialist whose mind is open is reminded of the 

 close connection of his limited field of achievement with other 

 branches of medical art and science. 



Anatomy, Physiology, Pathology. He can do no good without 

 an intimate knowledge of the anatomy of the organs intrusted to 

 his care and of their anatomical relations to adjoining and even 

 more distant parts. In order to understand morbid conditions of 

 the nose, throat, and ear, he must be thoroughly acquainted with 

 the action of these organs in health, in other words, with their phy- 

 siology. Wherever clinical observation is insufficient or at fault, he 

 can appeal to no better helpmate than to the researches of patho- 

 logical anatomy, and it may be truly stated that the conviction 

 of this intimate association with the three sciences named is be- 

 coming more and more alive in our minds. We no longer leave 

 the investigation of anatomical, physiological, and pathological pro- 

 blems pertaining to our specialties exclusively in the hands of pro- 

 fessors of these branches; a large number of very valuable con- 

 tributions towards the elucidation of such problems has been made 

 of late years by members of our own specialties, and in not an 

 inconsiderable number of instances the cooperation between laryn- 

 gologists, rhinologists, and otologists with pure anatomists, physio- 

 logists, and pathologists has been productive of most valuable 

 scientific results. 



It suffices to mention the anatomical work of B. Fraenkel and 

 his school, of Broeckaert, Onodi, Paul Heymann, Elsberg, Carl 

 Seller, Korner, Jelenffy, Killian, Politzer, Gruber, Urban, Pritchard, 

 Tilley, Logan Turner, Kanthack, Seifert, Siebenmann, Gouguenheim, 

 and Lermoyez; the physiological researches of Schech, Grabower, 

 H. Krause, Katzenstein, Klemperer, Fraenkel, Hooper, Bryson 

 Delavan, Frank Donaldson, jun., Desvernine, Re'thi, Hajek, Zwaar- 

 demaker, Greville MacDonald; the pathological studies of Heinze, 

 Griinwald, Kuttner, Seifert, Kahn, Heryng, and Butlin, and the 

 joint work of B. Fraenkel and Gad, of Bowditch and Donaldson, 

 of von Mering and Zuntz, of Mikulicz and Michelson, to which I 

 hope I may add the researches undertaken by Victor Horsley and 

 myself to show that the above statements are not mere asser- 

 tions, but based upon solid facts. On the other hand we gratefully 

 recognize the most important help that has come of late years to 

 the aid of laryngological knowledge from such distinguished anato- 



