556 CIVIL ENGINEERING 



public, if not formally by the profession, the specialties of archi- 

 tectural, bridge, chemical, electrical, harbor, highway, hydraulic, 

 landscape, marine, mechanical, metallurgical, mining, municipal, 

 railroad, and sanitary engineering, and possibly other divisions; 

 and the end is not yet, for the tendency of modern times in all walks 

 of life is to specialize. 



Between Tredgold's broad definition of civil engineering, which 

 includes substantially all the applied sciences that relate to construc- 

 tion, and the absurdly narrow definition which certain engineers 

 have lately been endeavoring to establish during the course of a some- 

 what animated discussion, and which would confine civil engineering 

 to dealing with stationary structures only, there must be some 

 method of limitation that will recognize the modern tendency toward 

 specialization without reducing the honored profession of civil en- 

 gineering to a mere subdivision of applied mechanical science. 



Without questioning in any way the correctness of the Tredgold 

 definition, civil engineering will be assumed, for the purposes of this 

 address, to include the design and construction of bridges ; extensive 

 and difficult foundations; tunneling; retaining- walls, sea-walls, and 

 other heavy masonry; viaducts; wharves; piers; docks; river 

 improvement; harbors and waterways; water-supply; sewerage; 

 filtration; treatment of refuse; highway construction; canals; 

 irrigation works; dams; geodetic work; surveying; railways (both 

 steam and electric) ; gas-works; manufacturing plants; the general 

 design and construction of plants for the production of power (steam, 

 electric, hydraulic, and gaseous); the general design and construc- 

 tion of cranes, cable- ways, breakers, and other mining structures; 

 the heavier structural features of office buildings and other large 

 buildings that carry heavy loads; the general problems of trans- 

 portation, quarrying, and the handling of heavy materials; and all 

 designing and construction of a similar nature. 



In contradistinction, mechanical engineering should include the 

 design and construction of steam engines, machine tools, locomo- 

 tives, hoisting- and conveying-machinery, cranes of the usual types, 

 rolling-mill machinery, blast-furnace machinery, and, in fact, all 

 machinery which is designed for purely manufacturing purposes. 



Electrical engineering should include all essentially electrical work, 

 such as the designing, construction, and operation of telephone and 

 telegraph lines; electric-light plants; dynamos; motors; switch- 

 boards; wiring; electric devices of all kinds; transmission lines; 

 cables (both marine and land); and storage batteries. 



Mining engineering should include all underground mining work; 

 means for handling the products of mines; roasting, smelting, milling, 

 stamping, and concentrating of ores; drainage and ventilation of 

 mines; disposal of mine refuse; and similar problems. 



