558 CIVIL ENGINEERING 



structure, metamorphoses, and properties; such as geology, petro- 

 logy, chemistry, physics, mineralogy, geography, and astronomy. 



(3) Those sciences which deal with the laws, structure, and life 

 of organic matter; such as botany, zoology, entomology, anatomy, 

 physiology, and anthropology. 



(4) The social sciences; such as political economy, sociology, 

 philosophy, history, psychology, politics, jurisprudence, education, 

 and religion. 



"Applied Sciences" include: 



(1) Those which relate to the growth and health of organic matter; 

 such as medicine, surgery, dentistry, hygiene, agriculture, floricul- 

 ture, and horticulture. 



(2) Those which deal with the transformation of forces and inor- 

 ganic matter, viz., the various lines of engineering, civil, mechani- 

 cal, electrical, mining, marine, chemical, metallurgical, architectural, 

 etc. 



(3) Those which relate to economics; such as industrial organiza- 

 tions and manufactures, transportation, commerce, exchange, and 

 insurance. 



Some writers make no distinction between the terms "Political 

 Economy" and "Economics," but in this address they are divided, 

 the former relating to broad subjects of national importance, and the 

 latter to minor matters and to some of the details of larger ones. 

 For instance, currency, the national debt, banking, customs, taxa- 

 tion, and the subsidizing of industries pertain to "Political Econ- 

 omy," while economy of materials in designing and of cost of labor 

 in construction, supplanting of hand-power by machinery, systemiza- 

 tion of work of all kinds, adjustment of grades and curvature of rail- 

 roads to traffic, and time- and labor-saving devices come under the 

 head of "Economics." 



The distinctions between the pure and the applied sciences are at 

 times extremely difficult to draw, for one science often merges almost 

 imperceptibly into one or more of the others. 



The groups of pure sciences that have been enumerated may be 

 termed: 



The Mathematical Sciences, 



The Physical Sciences, 



The Physiological Sciences, and 



The Social Sciences; 

 while the groups of applied sciences may be called : 



The Organic Sciences, 



The Constructive Sciences, and 



The Economic Sciences. 



In what follows the preceding nomenclature will be adopted. 



The terming of engineering the "Constructive Science" is a happy 



