562 CIVIL ENGINEERING 



hereinbefore enumerated and of those tabulated in the Organiz- 

 ing Committee's " Programme," the following only are associated 

 at all closely with civil engineering: 



Mathematics. 



Geology. 



Petrology. 



Chemistry. 



Physics. 



Mineralogy. 



Geography. 



Astronomy. 



Biology. 



Botany. 



Political Economy. 



Jurisprudence. 



Education. 



Economics. 



Attention is called to the fact that this list contains a number 

 of divisions from the four main groups of pure sciences, viz., the 

 mathematical, physical, physiological, and social, and but one 

 division (economics) from the three groups of applied sciences, 

 viz., the organic, constructive, and economic. The reasons why 

 so little attention is to be given to the relation between civil engin- 

 eering and the applied sciences are, first, in respect to organic 

 science, there is scarcely any relation worth mentioning between 

 this science and civil engineering, and, second, because the inter- 

 relations between civil engineering and other divisions of construct- 

 ive science have already been treated in this address. 



Of all the pure sciences there is none so intimately connected 

 with civil engineering as mathematics. It is not, as most laymen 

 suppose, the whole essence of engineering, but it is the engineer's 

 principal tool. Because technical students are dnlled so thoroughly 

 in mathematics and because so much stress is laid upon the study 

 of calculus, it is commonly thought that the higher mathematics 

 are employed constantly in an engineer's practice; but as a matter 

 of fact, the only branches of mathematics that a constructing engin- 

 eer employs regularly are arithmetic, geometry, algebra, and trig- 

 onometry. In some lines of work logarithms are used often, and 

 occasionally in establishing a formula the calculus is employed; 

 but the engineer in active practice soon pretty nearly forgets what 

 analytical geometry and calculus mean. As for applied mechanics, 

 which, as the term is generally understood, is a branch of mathe- 

 matics (although it involves also physics and other sciences), the 

 engineer once in a while has to take down his old text-books to 

 look up some principle that he has encountered in his reading but 



