RELATIONS OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING 613 



In reality the modern large dynamo has had to undergo many 

 such successive stages of intellectual and material preparation, in 

 order to reach its present stage of development. Frequently the 

 capitalist would have preferred to install larger dynamos than existed 

 at the time, but could not risk their being unduly enlarged because 

 the engineer could not be sure of the results, and the engineer could 

 not see his way clear for want of existing scientific and mathematical 

 knowledge in the direction considered. 



Although the above sequence of relations is generally admitted to 

 be self-evident on consideration, yet the perception of these relations 

 by the community at large seems to be a matter of social and eco- 

 nomical importance; because the more clearly that organized society 

 apprehends the steps of the processes by which it ultimately secures 

 what it needs, the more effectively it is likely to stimulate the activi- 

 ties which lead to those steps. It is of importance to the whole world 

 that there should be an adequate distribution of activity in all these 

 stages of effort to secure new gifts from nature. There should be 

 plenty of work in physical and scientific laboratories for the discovery 

 of new facts. There should also be plenty of mathematical work 

 carried on to interweave and connect these facts with the great uni- 

 verse of quantitative relations. There should be plenty of stimulus 

 and reward for inventors to find useful applications for the new facts. 

 There should be plenty of engineering work devoted to controlling 

 the facts by reducing the purely mathematical relations of all time to 

 the commercial mathematical relations of the locality and moment- 

 ary time. Finally there should be abundant opportunity for the 

 business-men acquainted with the needs of the community to ascer- 

 tain the results and possibilities of engineering development as well 

 as adequate reward for the successful investment of capital in such 

 enterprises as they consider the engineers can offer and the commun- 

 ity will accept. 



In line with these ideas it is found that even to-day large industrial 

 corporations finance new scientific applications in their line of work, 

 maintain their own corps of engineers and inventors, and their own 

 research laboratories with scientific experts. Already, therefore, 

 these corporations consider that it is economically desirable to 

 develop simultaneously in their own body all these successive stages 

 of intellectual and material effort. If this be the trend of individual 

 engineering industries, it is reasonable to expect that the future 

 trend of larger communities will be in a similar direction. That is to 

 say, cities or nations may in the future consider it economical to 

 foster either directly or indirectly any or all of these stages of intel- 

 lectual activity which conjointly lead to new material wealth, on the 

 principle that properly organized activity for any purpose is more 

 effective than spontaneous sporadic and disorganized efforts of 



